HALLUCINATORY MANIFESTATIONS. 
65 
physician, Andral, one of the most accurate of observers and 
least superstitious of men, affords an illustration of this illusion. 
When he was a pupil commencmg his medical studies, he was 
terribly impressed at seeing, for the first time, a dead body on 
the lecture-table. Many years afterwards, during an attack of 
illness, he saw in his room a dead body stretched out before him, 
and it was not until some minutes had elapsed that he recalled 
the connection between this outward vision and the early impres- 
sion that had been made upon his brain. I know myself an- 
other instance, differing in detail, but belonging to the same 
order of phenomena. A youth, who had all his life been easily 
moved by any painful sight, entered the profession of medicine, 
and saw, as a first experience, an eminent surgeon perform the 
operation of amputation at the shoulder-joint. This was be- 
fore the introduction of means for the abolition of pain, and 
the effect on the mind of this observer was terrible. He did 
not faint, as some of his neophyte comrades did, but stood re- 
solutely transfixed in wonder and fear. In time he got over 
the dread, from that moment lost all dread at seeing opera- 
tions, and, in fact, has himself many hundred times since 
taken part in surgical art. But this remains, that whenever 
he is present at any operation, the first operation that so im- 
pressed him is always present to him in its minutest details, as 
if it also were veritably in progress. 
Connected with this form of hallucination is that of hearing 
sounds, with which the ear has been at one time very familiar, 
without external obvious cause. Hr. Samuel Johnson, in this 
manner, heard, he believed, the sound of his mother’s voice call- 
ing his name, Sam ! when separated from him by the distance 
between Lichfield and Oxford. 
In studying this class of illusion, it is necessary to observe 
that the illusion is not an act or effort of memory : ix, it is 
not an effort called forth by any act of volition. It is akin to 
that singular sensation which they who have lost a limb occa- 
sionally experience, spontaneously, as if the limb were still in 
its place, and were endowed with sensibilities it once had, but 
which practically are forgotten. It is the source of that illu- 
sion of “ pre-existence ” which many have experienced, when 
a recognition seems to be felt of something already known, and 
which the memory is utterly unable, however severely it is 
taxed, to recall. In a word, it is illusion sans volition. 
A number of mysterious manifestations are traceable to the 
simple fact of recurrence of impressions altogether independ- 
ently of the will. There are others which are purely volitional, 
and these constitute a distinct class of hallucinatory pheno- 
mena. They are illusions produced by what I should call the 
faculty of projection of objects that have been received from 
VOL. XII. — NO. XLVI. F 
