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apes, the Gribbons are tbe least buman, and tbe Orang tbe most 
so ; tbe last named, however, not being nearly so buman 
as is the short-tailed Indris. 
In man the ankle-bones form a larger proportion of tbe 
entire foot than in any other Primates except tbe Gralagos. 
In this point tbe G-orilla and Chimpanzee are considerably more 
buman than are tbe Gibbons and Orang. In tbe man-like 
slenderness of tbe ankle, however, some Gibbons much more 
approximate to man than do tbe other latisternal apes. 
In tbe relative length of tbe great toe {hallux), compared 
with that of the back-bone, man is very closely approximated 
by tbe Gorilla, while tbe Orang falls off greatly. In this pre- 
eminence, however, tbe Gorilla is about equalled by some of 
tbe Sakis of America. 
In tbe proportional length of the longest toe to tbe back-bone, 
Man is most nearly approached by tbe Gorilla and Chimpanzee 
amongst tbe latisternal apes. He is, however, much more nearly 
approached by tbe Lemurs. In man tbe great toe much more 
nearly equals tbe longest toe in length than in any other Primate.- 
Tbe Chimpanzee is tbe most human in this matter, but the 
short-tailed Indris is almost as much so, and excels tbe Gorilla 
and all other latisternal apes. The great toe of tbe Orang 
differs from that of every other Primate in that tbe terminal 
joint is often absent. 
In the proportion borne in length by tbe great toe to tbe 
entire foot, man k most closely resembled by the Gibbons and 
Chimpanzee, while the Orang is the least human of all Primates. 
In the diminutive development of the hallux, as compared with 
the pollex, the Orang is even more exceptional, though an ap- 
proximation to this is found in the lowest of apes — the Mar- 
mosets. In the proportion borne by the hallux to the pollex, 
man and the Gorilla agree ; then comes the Chimpanzee ; then 
the Gibbons, and last of all the Orang. The Little Squirrel 
Monkey, however, is almost as human as the Gorilla in this 
proportion. 
Such are the main affinities towards man’s structure exhibited 
by the different kinds of the higher apes as regards the skeleton. 
They show that the various species approximate to man not 
only in different degrees, but also in different modes. The 
Orang certainly diverges more, as regards the skeleton, from 
man, than does any other latisternal ape. 
Thus it has the shortest leg, compared with the arm, of all 
Primates (hand and foot not being counted), while man has 
the longest. It has the absolutely longest hand, and the shortest 
thumb as compared with the forefinger ; and it has the shortest 
thigh-bone, compared with the upper arm-bone, of all Primates. 
