THE MEDITERKANEAN DURINa THE PLEISTOCENE AGE. 161 
barren rock, in the Pleistocene period. The animals found 
consist of the following species ; — 
Homo, man. 
Lepus cuniculus, rabbit. 
Felis leo, lion. 
F. par dm, panther. 
F. caffer. 
F. pardina, lynx. 
F. serval, serval. 
Ursus ferox, grizzly bear. 
Canis lupm, wolf. 
Equm cahallm, horse. 
Rhinoceros hcemitoechm, 
Capra ihex, ibex. 
Stis scrofa, wild boar. 
Cervus elaphus, red deer. 
C, capreolus, roe. 
C. dama, fallow deer. 
The spotted hyaena, the serval, and Felis caffer^ are species 
now peculiar to Africa, and it is obvious that they could not 
have found their way into Gribraltar under the present physical 
conditions of the Mediterranean. Such a varied group of 
animals could not have lived in Gribraltar as now constituted, 
and their very presence therefore implies the existence of land 
which has now been sunk beneath the waves. 
To this list of African animals, which formerly lived in the 
Iberian peninsula, M. Lartet added the Elephas Africanus (the 
African elephant)* and the Hyoena striata^ or striped hysena, 
found in a stratum of gravel near Madrid. 
The mammalia discovered in the bone-caves of Sicily afford 
the same kind of evidence as to the former extension of the 
African mammalia northwards, as those of the Iberian penin- 
sula. Caves have been worked during many years in that 
island, for the sake of the bones, to be used in the manufacture 
of lamp-black, since the year 1829; and from one cave, 
that of San Giro, many ship-loads were sent to Marseilles. 
Nearly all the bones were identified as belonging to the hippo- 
potamus by M. de Christol. In 1859 f Dr. Falconer exa- 
mined the collections made from this cave, as well as those 
which remained in situ, and carried on further researches into 
a second in the neighbourhood, known as the Grrotta di Mac- 
cagnone, and in the following year two others were discovered 
and explored in northern Sicily by Baron Anca. The species 
were as follows : — 
Felis (leof), lion. 
Hycena crocuta, spotted byaena. 
Ursus ferox, X grizzly bear. 
Canis. 
Cervus, deer. 
Ros, ox. 
Fquus, borse. 
Sus scrofa? boar. 
Elephas antiquus. 
Elephas Africanus, African elephant. 
Hippopotamus (major ?), hippopo- 
tamus. 
Hippopotamus Pentlandi, Pentland’s 
hippopotamus. 
Lepus. 
* Comptes Rendus/’ xlvi. 1858. 
t Falconer, Palseontographical Memoirs,” vol. ii. p. 543. 
X The same as bear from Grays Thurrock, Essex, which is U. ferox, 
YOL. XII. — NO. XLVII. M 
