MAN AND APES. 
By ST. GEOEGE MIVAET, F.R.S. 
PART IL 
H aving completed our survey of certain characters pre- 
sented by the skeleton in different species of the order 
Pkimates, other systems of organs may now be adverted to. 
That system of parts which clothes and is attached to the 
various parts of the skeleton may be taken naturally after the 
skeleton itself. 
This system consists of the flesh which, being divided into a 
number of segments and layers by intervening membrane, con- 
stitutes the muscles or active organs of motion. 
The muscles, however, present few characters of any great 
value for our purpose, and this might be anticipated, since 
being the special organs of motion, they would naturally be 
expected to be peculiarly modifiable and to present every variety 
of adaptive modification. 
Speaking generally, the Apes resemble man myologically 
more than do the Half-Apes, and the latter may present us 
with special aberrant modifications ; such e.g. as the presence of 
an extra muscle, called rotator fibulae^ placed between the shin- 
bone {tibia') and the adjacent small bone {fibula) of the leg. 
It is the Latisternal Apes {Simiince) which approach man 
most closely in muscular structure, as we have seen they do in 
the bony framework which supports the muscles. 
Amongst these higher Apes the Orang shows again a certain 
inferiority as to its muscles, reminding us of the aberrations 
we have already seen to exist in its skeleton. 
Thus in its foot, the great toe, in spite of its small relative 
size, is furnished with a special, short muscle (called ojp'ponens 
hallucis) not found in other Latisternal Apes, any more than in 
man. This, indeed, is a special development, and is no approxi- 
mation to an inferior type of structure. 
On the contrary, both the great toe and the thumb have no 
distinct tendon sent to them from the deep long flexor muscles 
K 2 
