MAN AND APES. 
25.5 
teeth; (21) the absence of laryngeal sacs ; (22) the quality of 
the voice. 
All the Gibbons differ from man, more than do any other of 
the broad-breastboned Apes, in that: — (1) the length of the 
arms compared with that of the spine is so great ; (2) in the 
excessive length of the leg and foot (taken together) compared 
with that of the spine ; (3) in the length of the foot compared 
with that of the hand ; (4) in the structure of the tongue 
underneath ; (5) in the form of the upper grinding teeth ; (6) 
in the smaller size of the body, and, in the Siamang, in the 
uncovered cerebellum. 
We have seen also that some or other of the Baboons — the 
lowest of the Simiadae — excel all the higher Apes in resem- 
blance to man as to certain points. These are: — (1) the sig- 
moid curvature of the spine; (2) the lumbo-sacral angle ; (3) 
the concavity of the visceral surface of the sacrum ; (4) the 
convexity of the bones of the nose ; (5) the development of 
the styloid process ; (6) the transverse breadth of the pelvis 
as compared with its depth from the sacrum to the pubis ; (7) 
the greater descent of the inner condyle of the femur; (8) the 
length of the foot compared with that of the backbone; (9) 
the angle formed by the axis of the cranium with the axis of 
the face. 
The Cehidce differ from both man and the Simiadce in such 
important characters that they cannot but be considered to 
constitute a family decidedly more inferior and remote from 
man than that of the Old World Apes. Nevertheless, some 
or other of them resemble man more than do the bulk of the 
Simiadce in the following characters : ( 1 ) no ischial callosities ; 
(2) no cheek pouches ; (3) copious beard and whiskers (Sakis) ; 
(4) hair of arms directed as in man ; (5) cranium more rounded ; 
(6) cranium higher; (7) face relatively smaller ; (8) foramen 
magnum situate more forwardly ; (9) the length of the thumb 
compared with that of the hand (Hapale ) ; (10) the length 
of the thigh-bone compared with that of the back-bone (Spider 
Monkeys) ; (11) the greater descent of the inner condyle of the 
femur (Spider Monkeys) ; (12) the length of the shin-bone com- 
pared with that of the femur (Spider Monkeys) ; (13) the length 
of the hallux compared with that of the spine {Pithecia ) ; 
(14) the presence of “ bridging convolutions” (Spider Monkeys) ; 
(15) the very overlapping cerebrum (Squirrel Monkeys); (16) 
the oblique ridge on the upper grinders (Howling Monkeys). 
The Half-Apes {Lemuroidea) differ, as before said, from 
both man and true Apes in points so numerous and so signi- 
ficant that there can be no question as to their great inferiority 
and the vast chasm which exists between the two sub-orders. 
Nevertheless, we find amongst the Half-Apes certain cha- 
