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refers. The denticulations, which are intrinsic parts of the bone bearing- 
them, are of two sizes — the smaller ones about half a line in length, the 
larger ones from two to three lines. The latter are separated by intervals 
of about half an inch, each of which is occupied by several of the smaller 
denticles. All the denticles are of a triangular or compressed conical form, 
the larger ones resembling laniaries. Sections of the denticles show under 
the microscope the unmistakable characters of avian bone. The length of 
the skull behind the fronto-nasal suture is two inches five lines ; and from 
the proportions of the fragment of the upper mandible preserved, the author 
concluded that the total length of the perfect skull could not be less than 
between five and six inches. The author proceeded to compare the fossil, 
which he declared to present strictly avian characters, with those groups of 
birds in which the beak is longer than the true cranium — a character which 
occurs as a rule in the Aves aquaticce. 
The Phylogeny of the Mammalian Orders. — This has been attempted to 
be formed by various palaeontologists, with several degrees of success. The 
latest is that by an American geologist, Professor E. D. Cope, in a paper 
which was read before the American Philosophical Society on April 18, and 
published May 6, 1873. The paper is too long for abstract here ; but we 
may give the tabular plan, of which the author says : — “ The accompanying 
diagram is designed to express to the eye more clearly the propositions made 
above. By comparing it with a similar table published by Prof. Gill (‘Pro- 
ceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ’ for 
1871, p. 295), a close resemblance between the two may be observed, as well 
as certain differences.” He wishes to be understood that the genera named 
in it as ancestors are to be regarded in the light of types of groups. There 
is no other mode of explaining the facts, than that in accordance with the 
law of “ homologous groups,” i.e. that several genera of one group have 
undergone similar modification into corresponding ones of a second group.* 
Hyjena. 
? Pinnipedia. Felis. 
Canis. 
flysenodon. TJrsus. Nasua. 
Synoplotherium . Cercoleptes. 
Homo. 
Simiidae. 
Cebus. 
Hapale. 
I 
Lemur. 
I 
Tomitherium 
Euminantia. 
Tragulus. 
I 
Omnivora. 
I 
Anoplotherium. 
Equus. 
Hipparion. 
AncMtherium. 
Elepbas. 
Dinotherium. 
Eobasileus. 
Palaeosyops. Batbmodon. 
? Oligotomus. 
The Volcanoes of Hawaii . — In a late number of “ Silliman’s Journal,” the 
Bev. T. Salt gives a graphic account of them. He says : “ You have seen an 
account of the eruption within the great summit-crater of Mauna Loa in 
August, 1872. This continued for two or three weeks. On the 27th of J anuary 
See “ Origin of Genera,” p. 79, Prop. V. 
