REVIEWS. 
199 
geographical, but, perhaps more particularly, to historical students. Mr. Van 
Campen gives a short account of the expedition of Barents and Heemskerck, 
which set out from Amsterdam as early as the year 1596, having for its 
object the discovery of a northern route to China, but which was forced, by 
stress of weather, to fix its winter quarters on the inhospitable shores of Nova 
Zembla, where a hut was erected, from which, after a lapse of almost three 
centuries, many interesting remains have been recovered, and brought back 
to the fatherland of the adventurous Hollanders. Amongst these relics is a 
“ scroll ” signed by Barents and Heemskerck, giving a brief account of the 
objects of their voyage, and relating the hardships to which they had been 
subjected; and the dilapidated remains of several books, both printed and 
in manuscript, from which, however, little further information of the tra- 
vellers can be gleaned. The printed books, which are for the most part 
collections of songs of a religious and sentimental character, are nevertheless 
of interest as indicating the means by which, no doubt, the hardy Dutchmen 
tried to while away the tedium of their long imprisonment. Besides these, 
there are many domestic utensils, and a “ package of tallow candles, eighteen 
in number, consisting of nine to the pound ; undoubtedly the oldest candles 
in the world — still they are able to give light.” 
One result of the observations of Mr. Gardiner, or rather of his predecessor 
in discovery, Captain C arisen, has been very considerably to alter the geogra- 
phical position of the north-east point of the island of Nova Zembla, which 
was found “to extend upward between 66° 31' and 69° E. long., instead of 
lying in 76°, as was laid down in the latest charts.” A map showing this 
change, and also a fac-simile of the “ scroll ” above referred to, are inserted 
in the book. 
SCIENCE AND THE STATE.* 
S OME weeks ago a series of extracts from a discourse delivered at Munich, 
by Professor Virchow, was published in the “ Times,” and attracted a 
good deal of attention. Mr. Murray has now published a translation of the 
entire discourse, which we cannot but regard as a most important and 
opportune expression of opinion on the part of one of the greatest of Ger- 
man savants. 
This discourse has been regarded by many as a knock-down blow to the 
doctrine of evolution. It is, however, nothing of the kind; indeed it can 
hardly be said to be written in opposition to that doctrine, the admissibility 
of which, in some particulars, would seem to be accepted by Professor 
Virchow. We may refer more particularly to the reference at page 62 to the 
occurrence in North America of the “ fossil ancestors of our horses, in regions 
where the horse itself has long since entirely disappeared ; ” and in other 
places the probability of the origin of organic forms by a process of evolu- 
tion is distinctly admitted. 
What Professor Virchow set himself to do in this discourse was simply to 
enter a protest against the doctrine of evolution ( die Descendenztheorie), 
being regarded as founded upon a secure basis. He considers it to be still 
* “ The Freedom of Science in the Modern State.” By BudolphVirchow, 
M.D. 8vo. London: John Murray, 1878. 
