SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY. 
307 
with those of the Swiss lake-stations of the bronze-age, and with those of 
the Gallic of the commencement of the iron age, and as even a portion of 
the local differences lose in importance from the circumstance that the one 
series of objects was specially destined for the service of the living-, and the 
other for the adornment of the dead, the supposition that they had a common 
origin was easily arrived at. Their common source was supposed either to be 
among the comparatively more advanced peoples of the plain of the Po, or, as 
no place for their production en gros has yet been found there, in the old seat 
of the Bronze-civilization at the foot of the Caucasus. About a year ago, in 
the middle of Bologna, near the church of St. Francis, M. Zannoni, an 
engineer, came upon a great earthen vessel, 4 ft. 8 in. high and 4 ft. broad 
at a depth of about two ‘feet. In this there were 14,000 bronze articles of 
admirable workmanship, packed together as closely as possible, and all coated 
with the ordinary green patina. MM. Desor and Berthoud came to Bologna 
just when the whole contents of this vessel were exhibited in the Town Hall. 
Of celts there were 2,077, from rough, wedge-shaped ones to the most highly 
finished and engraved specimens ; 2,407 fibulae in 25 principal forms ; a great 
number of knives of every form and size, and also in part engraved ; hun- 
dreds of chisels and a good many gouges ; 275 lance-heads varying greatly in 
length up to more than a foot, although remarkably similar in form ; kalf-a- 
liundred sickles, many of them very large. Of bits for horses there were 
about 60, made evidently for a considerably larger race than that of the Swiss 
Lake-stations. There were fish-hooks, harpoons, hammers, a large anvil, a 
plane, and a dozen saws. Further, several hundred different bracelets, all 
massive, with the ends often in the shape of the heads of animals ; numerous 
hair pins, although comparatively fewer than in Switzerland, and usually 
with flat heads ; 50 razors with small handles ; numerous ornamented plates, 
the pattern of which in part resembled those of Villanova ; a comb ; short 
tubular pieces with appendages like ear-drops ; quadrangular plates with 
markings, regarded by Gozzadini as little bells. The weapons were com- 
paratively few, and consisted of daggers, arrowheads, and swords. With all 
these were casting moulds both of hard bronze and of earth. 
The preservation of the specimens was not quite uniform. Among the 
hatchets there are some quite rough, still showing the line of junction of the 
moulds; others worn, and others quite new. Of the fibulae also, some are 
injured and others quite perfect ; some have the tongue damaged or lost ; in 
others it has been refixed with a small iron rivet, or completed by a small 
lamina of bronze of suitable form. If to all this we add, that fragments 
and waste pieces were not wanting, and were certainly intended to be melted 
up, there can be no doubt that we have here the indications of an establish- 
ment in which articles were cast and repaired. It was probably in time of 
danger, perhaps of a hostile attack, that the possessor of these numerous 
articles packed them so closely into the smallest possible space, without being 
•able to recover his property, as, fortunately for us, its recent discovery proves. 
No doubt from such a workshop, of which, perhaps, w^ have by no means all 
the remains before us, exportation was carried on, as this would be easier 
than the export of pottery, even over the mountains. 
Thus it would seem that we have here a source of bronze objects for Italy 
and perhaps also for Switzerland, but at the same time, it must be remem- 
