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POPULAR SCIENCE REVIEW. 
rule applies also to names derived from occupations, trades, 
professions, and callings. There exists in such naming all the ele- 
ments of Saxon straightforwardness and simplicity. The Saxons 
were the workers of substantive things ; they felled the woods, 
hewed the stones, dug the ditches, ploughed the fields, sowed, 
thrashed, and ground the corn, made the bread, constructed 
the houses, delved for the metals, netted for the fish, braved 
the ocean, hunted the wild beast, shepherded the flocks, took 
charge of the castle or the prison, and in a word pursued all 
those rude but necessary arts by which a country, as yet devoid 
of refinement, and unacquainted with active commerce, is pre- 
pared to become, by the aid of other hands, refined and com- 
mercial. Thus it was natural that to them should be attached 
the names pertaining to the substantive things they were em- 
ploying, or to the businesses upon which they were employed ; 
nor can there be a better evidence of Saxon birth and race 
than a surname so derived. 
It would hardly be fair, however, to say that the Saxon 
mind showed no sign of embellishment of name by adjective 
synonym. It sometimes added words to express the quality of 
a name as it might have done of a substance. Camden gives 
us some very good illustrations of this nature, speaking, how- 
ever, of English Saxons rather than of Saxons proper. For 
example, the words aeZ, eal , and at , in compound names 
signified all, or altogether. So JElwin is a complete con- 
queror ; AElbert , all illustrious, or bright ; Aldred , alto- 
gether reverend ; Alfred , altogether peaceful ; AElf, meaning 
help or assistance, is combined with other words, as AEl- 
fwin , assistant strength ; AElfwold , an assistant governor ; 
AZlfgifa , help-giver. Ard, belonging to or a natural dis- 
position. So Godard means a divine temper ; Giffard , a 
liberal temper or disposition ; Bernard , a filial disposi- 
tion ; Ricard , belonging to riches or wealth ; Athel , or 
jEthel, means noble ; so JSthelred is noble counsellor ; AEthel- 
ward , a noble ward or protector. Bald signifies bold; so 
Winbald is a noble conqueror. Gen or Kin means kins- 
folk ; so Cinehlem is a protector of kindred. Cuth signifies 
knowledge or skill ; so Guthwin is a skilled conqueror ; Cuth - 
red , a skilled counsellor ; Guthbert , a skilled, famous, or illus- 
trious man. Fred means peace ; so Frederic is wealthy peace ; 
Winifred , victorious peace. Helm means defence ; so Berthelm 
is distinguished defence. Here and Hare mean an army ; so 
Harold is general of an army ; Hareman , a chief man in the 
army. Hild is lord or lady ; so Hildebert is illustrious lord. 
Mathilda , noble lady. Mund means peace ; so Eadmund is 
happy peace ; AElmund , all peace. Ord means edge or sharp- 
ness ; so Ordbright is clear or bright edge. Rad means coun- 
