ON NAME AND EACE IN ENGLAND. 
57 
sel ; so Conrad is skilled in council ; Rad or Radbert , illus- 
trious in council. Rio means powerful, rich ; so Alfric is all 
rich or strong ; Ricard is belonging to the strong or rick. Sig 
means victory ; so Sigard is victorious power or disposition. 
Stan means a superlative man or thing ; so Athelstan is the 
most noble ; Wistan the wisest ; Dunstan the highest. Wiht 
means strong, nimble, lusty, forming first part of many names, 
as Wiktman. Willi signifies many, a multitude ; so Willielmus 
is defender of many ; Wildred , respected of many ; Wilfred , 
peace to many. Win means war, strength, or love and esteem ; 
thus Winfred is victorious peace, as before named. Wold and 
Wald mean a ruler or governor ; whence Bertivold , a famous 
governor, and AEthelwold , a noble governor. 
I have quoted these illustrations, with one or two modifica- 
tions, from Camden, as showing a series of Saxon namings lying 
a little apart from the mere names of things. This arrange- 
ment may have occurred, as will be gathered from the sequel, 
from a temporary admixture of the Saxon and Celtic races. 
But it will be observed that in all the illustrations given, there 
is in each name the Saxon mark of a noun or a substantive 
thing. 
Names indicating qualities, having connected with them no 
substantive thing, but standing alone, are peculiar, I believe, 
to the Celtic race. Thus such names as Merry, Jolly, Glorious, 
Small, Slender, Crouch, Dandy, Friendly, Fair, Flight, Tidy, are 
good illustrations, as are many names to which the prefix Mac 
is attached. MacDonald, the son of Donald, derived, accord- 
ing to Lower, from Donhuil , brown-eyed, is a typical illus- 
tration. 
Names derived from titles belong, I think, both to the Saxon 
and to the Celtic races, but most names of this kind are Celtic. 
The names having relation to some office that has been common 
to Saxon and Celt alike, would account for theif introduction 
into both races. 
Surnames derived from names of animals are very distinctive 
of race. They belong, it seems to me, from all the evidence I can 
collect, exclusively to the Jewish race. To take a few illustrations: 
Lion, Cavallo, Wolf, Hart, Stag, Fox, Lizard, Mole, Babbit, 
Hare, Coney, Leveret, Lamb, Cockle, Doe, Parrot, Dove, Pigeon, 
Hund, Seal, Boe, Deer, Hirsch, and its modification Hersehell — 
these and a great number of similar names, if I had space to 
record them, would support this view. In many instances, the 
names have been variously modified ; and again, in many 
instances, the more striking characteristics of Jewish type 
and expression have been lost by temporary admixture of race, 
while the name has been retained ; but the alteration is never 
so perfect as to cover the original facts. In the same way, there 
