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POPULAR SCIENCE REVIEW. 
are often various modifications of Jewish personal names, hut 
the change rarely, if ever, conceals the truth. 
Now and then it may he noted that one name, coming from 
two sources, may belong to two races, so that there may be dis- 
tinct families of the same name but of different race. For in- 
stance, there is the Saxon Have , derived from the same name as 
Harold, and there is the Jewish Hare , derived from the animal. 
There is the Saxon name Ross , derived from a heath or morass, 
and the Jewish Ross , derived from a horse : these illustrations 
might be greatly extended. 
If it be asked how it is the names of animals are attached to 
representatives of the Jewish race, how, indeed, it can be that 
they should have names, many of which would be repugnant to 
their religious belief and ancient faith, this is the answer most 
consistent with probability : that at the time when the fashion 
of surnames became common, the Jews, an inoffensive, resist- 
less, despised race, had the objectionable names thrust upon 
them by those who surrounded them. Some names, perhaps, 
such as Lion, they might themselves have assumed, while those 
who were strongest amongst them would fall into the fashion by 
retaining as surname their original Hebrew name. The rest, 
less, powerful, we may say practically powerless, would have 
forced on them the names even of contempt their masters chose 
to bestow. 
To sum up. The theory I would present respecting the origin 
of surnames is, that at the time when the fashion of surnaming 
came into vogue it developed itself in the three great English 
races as follows : (-4) That personal names, with or without the 
prefix of Mac , Ap, Fitz , or the suffix son , were made common 
amongst all the races, but were not universally adopted. (B) 
That the Saxon race and the Celtic alike partly adopted other 
names derived from places or possessions. ((7) That the Saxons 
assumed, or had assigned to them, other names derived either 
from substantive things or from occupations. (D) That the 
Celtic race assumed, or had assigned to them, other names ex- 
pressive of qualities of mind or body. (E) That a portion of 
the Jews had assigned to them, or themselves assumed, the names 
of various animals. 
The theory as to the origin of names in England which I 
have ventured to propose in the preceding pages I would ex- 
tend further, by assuming that what occurred at the origin of 
surnames continues to this day ; that admixture of race by 
marriage, importation of new families from other countries, 
modifications of old names, and introductions of new names by 
native families, have done no more than bring a few trivial excep- 
tions to the general rule pertaining to name and race. I sub- 
mit, moreover, that the characteristics of each of the three 
