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jade, others being carved in wood or in rock-crystal or even worked 
in metal. This instrument was formerly given by the Emperor to 
princes of state or to governors on taking official appointments, 
and was carried by them as an emblem of authority. It is now 
exchanged as a mark of friendship or expression of goodwill. 
The name signifies “ As you wish,” being a contraction of 
Sze-sze-joo-ee , or “everything according to your wish.” The 
expanded end of a joo-ee generally bears a carving of the sacred 
lotus.* * * § 
Although jade is so highly prized in China, very little seems 
to be known about its occurrence in that Empire. It is said, 
however, that Chinese works on geography give a number of 
localities which have yielded the stone ; and Mr. Pumpelly, whose 
work has previously been cited, describes the occurrence of a 
jade- like mineral — the jadeite of mineralogists — in the moun- 
tains of Southern Yunnan : the mineral is known locally as fei - 
tsui , and is 66 perhaps the most prized of all stones among the 
Chinese.” 
Whatever jade may be got in China itself, it is certain that 
the Chinese have relied for generations upon the quarries of 
Khotan for a large proportion of their raw material. As far 
back as 200 b.c., under the Han dynasty, the yu was regarded 
as the most costly production of Khotan. Marco Polo, who 
visited the country in the 1 3th century, refers to the occurrence 
of jasper and other ornamental stones between Yarkand and 
Khotan, whence he says they were imported into China. 
Little, however, was known about the occurrence of jade in 
Turkestan until a few years ago, when the locality was visited 
by the brothers Schlagintweit — Hermann, Robert, and Adolph. f 
The quarries were afterwards described by the late Dr. Stoliczka, 
of the Geological Survey of India, J and by Dr. Cayley. § We 
are now therefore in possession of accurate details as to the 
workings in this district — a district which has supplied the 
Chinese with more or less of their jade for the last two thousand 
years. 
The old jade quarries are situated on the banks of the 
Karakask Eiver, which flows down the southern slope of the 
* “ Catalogue of the Chinese Collection at Hyde Park Corner.” By 
W. B. Langdon. 1844. 
t “ Ueber Nephrit nebst Jadeit und Saussurit in Kunliin-Gebirge.” Von 
Hermann von Schlagintweit-Sakiinliinski. Sitzungsberichte der K. Bair. 
Akad. d. Wissensch, Munich, 1873, pp. 227-267. 
J “ On the occurrence of Jade in the Karakash Valley.” “ Quart. Journ. 
Geol. Soc.,” vol. xxx. 1874, p. 568. “ Eec. Geol. Surv. India,” vol. vii. 
p. 51 ; and “ Scientific Results of the Second Yarkand Mission,” 1878, p. 18. 
§ “The Jade Quarries of the Kuenlun ” : “ Macmillan’s Mag.” vol. xxiv. 
1871, p. 452. 
