ON JADE AND KINDRED STONES. 
345 
not every pattoo-pattoo which is made of so resistant a material, 
and those of more fragile stone might easily get shivered in a 
fray.* 
Another favourite mode of applying jade in New Zealand is 
to carve it into the curious ornament or amulet, known as Hei 
Tild. This ornament, which is worn upon the breasts by Maori 
chieftains, presents the form of a grotesque human figure, gene- 
rally having its huge eyes inlaid with the iridescent shell of 
Hcdiotis, and sometimes of late years with sealing-wax, the red 
wax contrasting strongly with the green-stone. Fig. 5, PI. VIII. 
represents one of these figures. From the fact that the lower 
edge of the tiki is always sharp, General Lane Fox infers that it 
may have been derived from the type of the celt. 
Jade is likewise a favourite material with the natives of New 
Caledonia, who find it in their island, and fashion it into various 
kinds of axe-heads. It also occurs in some of the other islands 
of the Pacific Ocean. 
No jade has ever been recorded from Africa, and it is ex- 
tremely doubtful whether it occurs in Europe. It is said to 
have been found in the form of boulders at Potsdam near Berlin, 
and at Schwemsal near Leipzig. It remains, however, uncer- 
tain whence the mineral was originally derived, and whether it 
had been transported by natural or by human agency. In the 
Great Exhibition of 1851 there was a large mass of pale green 
jade, reputed to have come from Turkey ; but nothing more was 
known of its origin, and its existence probably does not vitiate 
the general statement that no true jade or jadeite has yet been 
found in situ in Europe. 
But although jade is not now known to occur in this quarter 
of the world, it was used by some of the early inhabitants of 
Europe in prehistoric times. Small celts of jade are occa- 
sionally found in the tumuli of Brittany, and in some other 
parts of France ; while they are familiar enough to the explorers 
of the pile dwellings in the lakes of Switzerland. f It seems, 
however, that the material was regarded as of great value, even 
in early times, for these implements are comparatively rare. 
Thus among the hundreds of stone celts found in the settlement 
of Liischerz, on the Lake of Bienne, only about thirty are of 
jade and jadeite. Still, the presence of this material, even in a 
solitary example, is sufficient to raise the perplexing question, 
How did the men who reared such curious structures in the 
Swiss lakes manage to secure a material for which they might 
* “ Note on the Use of the New Zealand Mere.” “ Journ. Ethnolog. Soc.” 
New Series, vol. ii., 1870, p. 106. 
t See Dr. J. E. Lee’s translation of Keller’s u Lake Dwellings,” 2 vols. 
Second Edition, 1878. 
