ON JADE AND KINDRED STONES. 
349 
the Swiss lake-dwellings are composed of this substance. No 
jadeite, however, has been found in situ in Europe. For 
numerous analyses of jade and jadeite we are indebted to Herr 
L. R. Von Fellenberg, whose work has been of especial interest 
in connection with the materials used by the lake-dwellers of 
Switzerland.* 
Under the name of Jade tenace the French mineralogist 
Hauy described a mineral which was considered by the elder 
De Saussureto be a variety of jade. It was afterwards regarded 
by mineralogists as a distinct mineral, and was termed by the 
younger De Saussure (in honour of his father) Saussurite , a 
name which still holds its place in scientific nomenclature. 
This mineral is in many ways curiously like jadeite : its specific 
gravity, for example, is between 3*2 and 3*42, its hardness is 
about equal to that of quartz, and it is equally rich in alumina. 
Its chemical composition, however, brings it close to zoosite or 
lime-epidote. Some of the so-called jade of Turkestan is found 
to be Saussurite, and this mineral is also the substance in which 
many of the Swiss celts are wrought. In the form of boulders 
brought down by glacial action from the Swiss Alps, it is 
scattered widely through some of the Alpine valleys, and is 
abundant in the country around the Lake of Geneva. Pebbles 
of this tough material, picked up by the pile-builders on the 
marge of the lakes in which they dwelt, would naturally attract 
attention, and be utilized as a valuable material for implements 
and weapons. No wonder then that celts of Saussurite are 
found in the relics of these primitive habitations. If this 
mineral be admitted to rank with the jades, it will, of course, 
contradict the assertion that no jade occurs in Europe ; and it 
is for this reason that the expression 66 true jade ” has often been 
used in this article. 
Before leaving the subject, it may be useful to cite a few 
analyses of jade, and of kindred minerals commonly called 
jade : — 
I. 
ii. 
in. 
IV. 
V. 
VI. 
Silica . 
57-60 
51-70 
52-25 
59-17 
58-62 
43-59 
Magnesia 
2561 
23-50 
18-07 
1-15 
2-23 
2-98 
Ferrous oxide 
•66 
7-62 
6-80 
1-56 
1-86 
— 
Ferric oxide . 
— 
. — 
— 
— 
_ 
2-61 
Lime . 
12-68 
13-09 
19-27 
2-68 
3-85 
19-71 
Soda . 
— 
— 
•68 
12-93 
11-64 
3-08 
Alumina 
•25 
•65 
•58 
22-58 
21-77 
27-72 
Water, etc. . 
2-74 
2-42 
1-50 
— 
— 
•35 
99-54 
98-98 
99*15 
100-07 
99-97 
100-04 
* See, for example, the “Neues Jakrbuck fur Mineralogie,” 1865, p. 619. 
