SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY. 
41 5 
Cub. cent. 
Germans (Weissbach) . 
. 1,521 
„ (Welcker) 
. 1,448 
Croats (Weissbach . . 
. 1,499 
Kalmuks (MetschnikofF) 
. 1,498 
Chinese (Lucse) . . . 
. 1,482 
Roumanians (Weissbach) 
. 1,478 
Cub. cent. 
Russians (Lauzert) . . . 1,471 
Tcliuktclii (Wyman) . . 1,468 
Slovaves (Weissbach) . . 1,467 
Czechs (Weissbach) . . 1,456 
Hungarians (Weissbach) . 1,437 
The Kalmuks and Chinese have a greater volume of the cranium than 
several European nations, and the Tchuktchi are larger than the Hungarians. 
The large size of the heads of the Kalmuks has been observed by several 
voyagers, and proved by actual measurement by MetschnikofF and Yon 
Baer. 
With regard to the pre-historic races of Europe, M. Anoutcliine thinks 
we cannot say absolutely that the volume of the cranium was less in 
them than in modern races. The mean volume of the cranium in modern 
Parisians is 1,558 cub. cent, (in the women, 1,337). Of pre-historic crania 
we have : — 
Cranium of Cro-Magnon 
Cub. cent. 
. 1,550 
,, ... 
. 1,590 
77 
Grenelle .... 
. 1,530 
)} 
L’Homme Mort. 
. 1,606 
77 
La Truchere (estimated) . 
. 1,925 
77 
Solutre .... 
. 1,560 
77 
77 .... 
. 1,428 
77 
Eurfooz, Young 
. 1,300 
77 
„ Female 
. 1,450 
Thus these pre-historic people do not appear to have had a cranial capacity 
decidedly less than that of the existing Parisian. In the race of Canstatt, 
and the Neanderthal man, we have a different state of things, the latter being 
estimated to have had a cranial capacity of not more than 1,200 cub. cent. 
But this character may have been individual and exceptional, just as Kay 
Lysse, a Dane who played an important political part in his country, had a 
capacity of only 1,250 cub. cent. ; and Luschan has measured the brain of 
a Hungarian of only 1,195 cub. cent. 
As regards the difference in volume of the largest and smallest adult 
male crania, and its supposed increase with the civilization of the race, M. 
Anoutchine points out that although Le Bon has found this difference to be 
592 in modern Parisians, and only 472 in the Parisians of the seventh cen- 
tury, whilst in the Australians it is only 284, Mantegazza has found a diffe- 
rence of 533 among the Papuas of New Guinea, and MetschnikofF one of 539 
among the Kalmuks. Nor does he think it an absolute fact that the dif- 
ference of volume between the male and female crania is much greater in 
civilized nations than among half-savage peoples. Thus Welcker finds, by 
the comparison of thirty crania of each sex, that the mean difference among 
the Germans is 148 (1448-1300), and Mantegazza gives it as 140 (1425-1285) 
among the Papuas. The two numbers approach closely, but the difference 
in the civilization of the two peoples is immense. — (Assoc. Franq. Avancem . 
Sci., 187S, p. 863.) 
