A 
MANUAL FLORA 
OF 
MADEIRA 
AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS. 
I. VASCULAR PLANTS. 
Leaf-bearing plants, composed of cellular tissue, woody 
fibre and spiral vessels. Epiderm with stomata. Seeds 
with a distinct germ (gemmule or plumule and radicle) and 
one or more seed-leaves (cotyledons). 
Class I. EXOGENS or DICOTYLEDONS. 
Flowering plants, with stems composed of bark, wood 
and pith {medulla ) : the wood interrupted by medullary 
rays ( silver grain of carpenters) and growing by accretion 
of fresh concentric rings or layers outside. Leaves with 
generally branched reticulating veins. Flowers distinct 
symmetrical antheriferous. Cotyledons two opposite, or 
rarely several whorled, very rarely (in a few exceptionally 
leafless plants, e. g. Cuscuta L.) none. 
B 
