m 
EXPLANATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS. 
Regions or Zones of Vegetation in Madeira. 
1. Cactus and Banana. — Tropical, cultivated, reaching from 
the sea to a height of 700 feet. Characterized by the 
following plants : — 
Cultivated. — Banana, Palm, Sugar Cane, Arrowroot, Rose-apple, 
Custard-apple, Guava, Fig, Cypress, Bamboo, Oleander, Judas- 
tree, Carob-tree, Coral-trees ( Erytlirina), Brugmansia, Big- 
nonia, Hibiscus, Poinsettia, Euphorbia, Duranta, Csesalpinia, 
Alpinia, Hedychium, Hoya, Stephanotis, Cereus ( triangularis 
L ., speciosissimus Desf., phyllanthoides DC., &c.), Passifiora 
( quadrangularis L., edulis Ker, Lower Heer, &c.). 
Naturalized. — Prickly Pear ( Opuntio Tuna Mill.), Pelargonium 
inquinans Ait., Cassia bicapsularis L., Lantana Camara L., 
Iiicinus communis L., Aloe arborescens L., Aloe vulgaris Lam., 
Ageratum conyzoides L., Maurandia semperjlorens Jacq., Me- 
sembrianthemum cordifolium L., Solarium sodomceum L., Sol. 
auriculatum Ait., Sida carpinifolia L., Commelyna agraria 
Kth., Panicum repens L., Paspalum vaginatum L., Eleusine 
indica Gaertn., &c. 
Indigenous. — Dragon-tree, Teuerium heterophyllum Herit., Jas- 
minum odoratissimum L., Chamcemeles coriacea Lindl., Sidei'- 
oxylon Mcrmidana Lowe, Celastrus ( Catha Forsk.) cassinoides 
Herit., Gomphocarpus frutieosus R. Br., Helichrysum obconi- 
cum DC., Euphorbia piscatoria Ait., Juniperus phoenicea L., 
Ephedra alata Decaisne, Pedrosia glauca Ait., Erankenia Icevis 
L., Lavandula pinnata L., Matthiola maderensis Lowe, Sonchus 
ustulatus Lowe, Musschia aurea L. til., Echium nervosum Ait., 
Hyoscyamus canariensis Ker, Sempervivum glutinosum Ait., 
Pennisetum cenchroides Rich., Andropogon liirtus L., Pipta- 
therum multijlorum Beauv., Clieilanthes suaveolens Sw., Notho- 
cldcena Marantce L., N. vellea Sw., Nephrodium molle R. Br., &c. 
2. Vine and Chestnut *. — Temperate, cultivated, from 500 to 
2500 feet. The chief characteristic plants are — 
* The Chestnut forms from 1500 to 2500 feet a sort of upper belt 
or border to this zone, below whose upper limit snow never lies 
longer than a few hours. 
