47. C0MF0SITACEJE. 
425 
imbricate in many rows , the inner row extremely short erecto- 
connivent forming a distinct short central umbilical tuft or 
coronet. Recept. chaffy-setaceous conical. — FI. y. 
t-38. Carduncellus. Like Kentrophyllum, but inner scales 
of inv. parallelly many-nerved and distinctly appendiculate 
with a dilated spathulate discoloured pectinately ciliate 
or lacerato-fimbriate tip. Ach. as in Kentr., but pappus 
in all (marginal and central) chaffy -setaceous finely ciliato- 
serrulate, the hairs or setae numerous unequal but not im- 
bricate , the inner row erecto-connivent, not short (all free 
to the base and persistent in the only Mad. sp., in others 
said to be annular ly connate at the base and deciduous). 
Recept. chaffy-setaceous u flat.” — FI. b. 
tft39. Carthamus. Like Kentrophyllum or Carduncellus, but 
inner scales of inv. parallelly many-nerved wholly exappen- 
dicidate and simply acuminato-cuspidate, fil. of stam. nearly 
smooth without any distinct collar or tuft of hairs at top ; 
and ach. all without pappus subobtuselv tetragonal quite 
smooth and even or only slightly and obsoletely rugulose 
or wrinkled at top, with the border of the epigynous disk 
obtusely 4-toothed and subcrenulate. Recept. chaffy-seta- 
ceous plano-convex or depresso-conoidal. — FI. or. or y. 
§ 2. Anthers caudate or aimed at the base. 
Tribe XXI. CARLINE rE. 
Heads many-fld. homogamous. Scales of inv. appendicu- 
late or simple, spinous or unarmed. Fil. of stam. free upwards, 
adnate downwards to cor. ; awns of anthers often ciliato-plu- 
mose. Hilum basilary. Pappus pilose or plumose. Recept. 
chaffy- setaceous. 
A. Outer scales of inv. foliaceo-appendiculate spinous. (Gen. 
Carlina , Atractylis .) 
40. Carlina. Heads hemispherical leafy-bracteate, fl. all 
equal perfect fertile. Outer scales of inv. leafy or leafy- 
appendiculate spinous-toothed or ciliate, the inner simple 
unarmed entire scarious coloured mostly radiant. Basal 
awns of anthers plumose. Ach. cylindric-oblong suban- 
gular adpressedly hairy or silky-pubescent with short 
forked hairs forming an erect fringe or crown at top round 
the immarginate epigynous disk. Pappus a single row of 
plumose setaceous hairs combined or concrete at the base 
by threes or fours in sets or fascicles and all deciduous 
in a ring together. Recept. flat chaffy, chaffs setoso-la- 
cerate tubular at base. — Mostly herbaceous ; but the onlv 
