( 189 .) 
E'CHIUM* *. 
Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Monogy'nia. 
Natural Order. Boragi'nEjE+j Juss. Gen. PI. p. 128. — Sm. 
Gram, of Rot. p. 102. — Lindl. Syn. p. 163.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. 
of Bot. p. 241. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 440. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 
527. — Asperifo'li.e, Linn. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. i. p.247. — Syrin- 
gales; subord. Primulos® ; sect. SolantNjE; type, Boraci- 
na'cEjE ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900,958, 982, & 1005. 
Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep, awl- 
shaped, upright segments, permanent. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal, 
bell-shaped; tube very short; limb upright, gradually dilated up- 
wards, its margin in 5, more or less unequal, broad, rather spread- 
ing segments, of which the 2 uppermost are longest, the lower one 
smallest and most refiexed ; mouth open and naked. Filaments 
(fig. 3.) 5, awl-shaped, unequal, declining, as long as the corolla, 
or longer, inserted into the tube. Anthers roundish, incumbent. 
Germens (fig. 4.) 4, rounded. Style (fig. 4.) declining, the length 
of the stamens, often hairy. Stigma deeply cloven, pointed. Fruit 
(fig. 5.) with 4 (or fewer by imperfection) apparently naked seeds, 
which are wrinkled or rough, obliquely pointed, and attached to the 
base of the hardened, slightly enlarged calyx. 
The irregular corolla , with a dilated, open, and naked throat ; 
and the deeply cloven stigma ; will distinguish this front other 
genera in the same class and order. 
Two species British §. 
E'CHIUM VULGA'RE. Common Viper’s-Bugloss||. Viper 
Grass. Cat’s-tail. 
Spec. Char. Stem herbaceous, bristly, and warty. Stem-leaves 
spear-shaped, bristly, single ribbed. Flowers in lateral, deflexed, 
hairy spikes. Stamens longer than the corolla. 
Engl. Bot.. t. 181. — Mart. FI. Rust. 1. 136. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. xii. t. 563. — 
Ray’s Syn. p 227. — Johns. Gerarde, p. 802. — Linn. Sp. PI. v. i. p. 200. —Muds. 
H. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 83. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 222. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 268. — 
W ith. (7th ed.) v. ii. p, 286.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 357. — Lindl. Syn. p. 163. 
— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 79. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 136. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 71. — 
Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 43. — Davies’ Welsh. Bot. p. 20. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 
109. — Rcdh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 83. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 70. — Grev. FI. Edin. 
p.47. — FI. Devon, pp. 35 & 152. — Johnst. FI. of Berwick, v.i. p.54 — Winch’s 
Fi. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 12. — Walk. FI. of Oxf. p. 51. — Perry’s PL 
Varvic. Select®, p. 16 — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 32. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ireland, 
p. 21. — Irish Flora, p. 44. 
Localities. — O n old walls, and on rubbish; also in fields and waste ground, 
especially on a sandy or gravelly soil. Frequent. 
Biennial. — Flowers in June and July. 
Fig. 1. Calyx; a. a Bractea.— Fig. 2. Corolla.— Fig. 3. Stamens. — Fig. 4. 
Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5. A Seed. 
* From Echio.Qv. a Viper ; because this, or some allied plant, was supposed 
to be an efteclual remedy against the bile of that animal. Sir W. J. IlooKtn. 
t See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note f. 
t See Pulmonaria officinalis, folio 102, a. $ See following page. 
|| lluyloss is from bous, Gr. an ox, and glossos, Gr. a tongue; from the 
roughness of the leaves resembling the rough tongue of that animal.— Thornton. 
