The Teivfikieh College of Agriculture, Egypt. 353 
country which is at present under the tutelage and protection of 
England. 
The Tewfikieh College of Agriculture at Ghizeh, near Cairo, 
was founded in 1890 by a Government grant of 4,000/., and Mr. 
Williamson Wallace was appointed Director. Attached to it is a 
farm of 300 acres which formed part of the grounds and depen- 
dencies of one of the palaces of the late Khedive, Ismail Pasha, the 
principal building being at present utilised as an archaeological 
museum. The accommodation provided is well adapted for the 
purpose, and consists of a quadrangular arrangement of lecture 
rooms, laboratory, and lodgings for the sixty-six students. 
The students are taken from the sons of native proprietors, 
small and large. The land is much subdivided, and there are, as a 
matter of fact, very few large proprietors, except the Government, 
who hold the “ Daira ” lands under public administration. 
The course of instruction extends over four years, of which the 
first is mainly devoted to the learning of English. The progress of 
the students in English has been satisfactory, and has been 
facilitated by the fact that many of the students have already 
learnt French. After a year the lectures, which have at first to be 
translated from English into Arabic, are understood, either wholly 
or the greater part of them, by the students. 
Subjects embraced in the Four Years' Course of the Teicfkieh College 
of Agriculture. 
1. Agriculture. 
2. General Chemistry. 
3. Practical Chemistry. 
4. Agricultural Chemistry, 
6. Botany. 
6. Geology. 
7. Veterinary Hygiene. 
8. Gardening. 
9. Entomology. 
10. Land Surveying. 
11 . Practical Gardening. 
12. Practical Agriculture and the 
Arabic and English lan- 
guages. 
The course detailed in the foregoing table extends over four 
sessional years, and is so framed that the scientific instruction 
is virtually completed before any considerable amount of practical 
or manual work is undertaken. Daily visits, however, are paid to 
the farm by the students, so that they know thoroughly what 
are the operations which later on they will have to perform for 
themselves. 
The College now receives a gi-ant of about 5,000/. annually from 
the Government, and the students pay a fee of 25/. a year for their 
board and clothing. The College has only received about 1,000/. to 
start the farm, but has made and saved about 1,000/. a year, the 
profits of careful farming. 
The sessional year begins in October and ends in June, when the 
inundations commence. 
Rotation of Crops . — A great revolution in the agriculture of 
Egypt was made by Mehemet Ali (1805-1849), when the production 
of the land was increased, and the character of the crops was changed 
