354 
The Tewfikieh College of Agriculture , J Egypt. 
by keeping the Nile within its banks, and substituting irrigation for 
the flooding of the Nile, which was previously the normal state, and 
under which conditions only winter crops could be secured after the 
inundations had receded. 
The Principal of the College, Mr. Williamson Wallace, to whom 
I am indebted for the information relating to the farm, has given 
me the following memorandum about the rotation of crops : — 
“ The rotation of crops in Egypt is a three-course rotation, and is 
as follows : — First Year. Cotton sown in March and gathered in 
October and November. Clover and beans, sown in October and 
November, cut four times during winter and finished in May, 
followed in the second year by a catch crop of maize, sown in July 
and reaped after ninety or one hundred days (generally no catch 
crop is taken on large estates, but the land is left fallow in prepara- 
tion for the following wheat crop). Third Year. Barley or wheat, 
sown in November and reaped in the beginning of May, followed by 
a catch crop of maize sown in July. When maize is not taken as a 
catch crop in this year clover is sown in November, and the clover 
root taken up after one cutting when preparing the land in 
February for the following cotton crop. This is the rotation of the 
Delta where the land is not inundated by the Nile. In Upper 
Egypt, that is south of Cairo, the greater part of the country is 
subject to the Nile flood, the water being drained off in No- 
vember, and wheat, beans, clover, or barley sown immediately. 
Here only one crop is got in the season, and a two-course rotation 
more or less irregularly followed, namely, beans or clover one year, 
followed by barley or wheat the next year. Sugar cane is grown 
in Upper Egypt upon lands which are not inundated, and takes 
the place of cotton in the rotation, standing two years in the land 
and being preceded by fallow and followed by clover. Lucerne has 
been cultivated in Egypt and Arabia as far back as there is any 
information on the subject ; a patch of it is useful where cows are 
kept, but it is unprofitable as a permanent crop on a large scale.” 
The Director was the first to introduce good fresh butter on the 
Cairo market, for which there is a ready sale at about 2s. a pound 
among the European population. Dairy schools are now being or- 
ganised in the country districts. 
The stock on the farm consisted, at the time of my visit in Feb- 
ruary, 1894, of the native cows, which have a strong resemblance to 
the Channel Islands cattle, and seem to have been at some remote 
period crossed with them, although they are at present rather larger 
than the Jersey breed. The Director has, I think wisely, secured a 
good Guernsey bull, which will improve the milking properties of the 
native cattle. There are also the buffaloes, which give rich milk but 
not in large quantity. All the ploughing is done by bullocks. 
There seems an opening for the introduction of Shorthorn bulls who 
would thrive in the climate and improve the beef-producing quali- 
ties of the cows. 
There were on the farm some native sheep, a long-legged breed 
with perhaps some cross of the Merino. They are now using a 
