The Tewfikieh College of Agriculture , Egypt. 
355 
Shropshire ram with the native ewes, which were running on the 
clover-root, and had some fine lambs in January. 
The water used on the farm for irrigation is pumped up by an 
engine from the Nile, and the fuel consists of the dried maize stalks. 
The clover is generally cut four times in the cold season after being 
irrigated in succession. 
Seed and Manurial Experiments . — The principal English 
grasses and clovers have been introduced, together with turnips, 
mangel wurzel, several varieties of Italian wheat, Californian, 
Smyrnian, and Algerian barleys, Bedford onions, and English varie- 
ties of potatoes, the last named being subsequently shipped as ‘ new ’ 
to the London market early in the spring, and sold at remunera- 
tive prices. Eight varieties of Egyptian cotton were grown, and the 
results carefully investigated. A new variety has lately been in- 
troduced which promises to increase the production of cotton 
both in quantity and purity of colour. Native wheats were top- 
dressed with poudrette and artificial manures, whilst nitrogenous, 
phosphatic, and potassic manures were applied to the cotton crop. 
These experiments have not been costly, being carried out on 
small plots ; sulphate of ammonia has been tried on the corn crops 
without any corresponding improvement. There seems to be 
sufficient nitrogen and lime for the wheat crops in the Nile mud, 
which constitutes the soil of the farm. 
With regard to the labour on the farm, the work is done by 
labourers, whose families have allotments and small patches where 
they grow garden produce mainly. The workmen are thus kept 
close at hand. Some land is let at about 6 1. or 71. per acre. This 
is above the general average, which is from 3 1. to 51. per acre in the 
country districts away from Cairo. 
The grounds around the College also comprise the old gardens of 
the palace of Gliizeh, with fine orange and lemon trees. The pro- 
duce of these sells at as much as 25 1. an acre, to be gathered by 
the natives, who co-operate together and purchase the crops, which 
they watch till they are ripe for sale, otherwise they would be 
robbed. The same is done with the sugar canes and the other crops, 
which are worth up to 20/. an acre gross. The cost of cultivating, 
taxes, and water-rent is high, up to 21. 10s. an acre for the two 
latter items. 
Implements and Machinery . — The plough used is an English one, 
double, so that the workmen can plough either way without 
turning, as it is important for irrigation that the furrows should be 
even and level. Another native plough with long wooden share 
follows and works the ground after the first one, to a depth of 
about fifteen or seventeen inches. 
European ploughs, harrows, rollers, scythes, and smaller farm 
implements have been imported, and are in use upon the farm. The 
grain crop was threshed by an improved machine ; the first reaper- 
and-binder worked in Egypt cut the grain crop in 1891. A grass 
mower was for the first time used to cut the clover crop. Silage 
was successfully made, and the most improved utensils and acces- 
