Typical Farms in East Anglia. 
527 
Arable 
Gras? 
Heatl 
and 
waste 
Rent and 
tithes 
Hates 
Artificial 
manures and 
feeding-stuffs 
Gross labour 
Labour 
per acre 
acres 
885£ 
acres 
286 
acres 
606| 
£ s. d. 
1,174 7 1 
£ s. d 
117 14 0 
£ s. d. 
1,(570 7 10 
£ s. d. 
1,786 3 5 
£ s. d. 
1 10 0 
about 
It must be borne in mind that the cost of labour per acre is calculated 
excluding the heath and waste land, and in the matter of grass land 50 acres 
of newly laid land is included. 
The system of farming on the two holdings is somewhat different, and it 
will be necessary to speak of them in this respect separately. 
Itendleskam farm is cultivated on the four-course shift, the rotation 
being wheat, roots, barley, ^ clover and grasses, and £ beans, peas, or white 
clover seed. 
Of late years some 200 acres of the poorest land has been allowed to lie 
in such grass as it can produce, as it was unable to contribute its share 
towards the labour and other expenses. 
In describing the working of this farm Mr. Smith said : “ My practice is 
to make my fallows as soon as the wheat (or oat crop now largely grown in 
the place of wheat) is off. I breed many foals, and by taking the oldest of 
these off the mares in August, I have their dams and the two and three 
years old colts, coming off the grass land, to put to work on the stubbles at 
a time when, in most years, fallows can be made. Of course couch or spear 
grass is forked out of even the cleanest of the stubbles, and all are either 
drilled with trifolium or rye and tares, &c. 
“ As soon as these are fed oft the following spring, the land is directly 
cropped with mangel, swedes, turnips, or maize.” 
Such is the ordinary system, and he further remarks, “ The very poor 
lands are now growing lupins, and will make a considerable amount of 
sheep feed in the autumn ; on the whole worth as much as a white turnip 
crop.” 
On the Eyke farm the rotation is “ J wheat or oats, A roots, | barley, ^ 
peas, clover and grasses, & of which lays two years. The idea of this 
course of cropping is that nearly of labour, horse and manual, is saved. My 
wheat or oat crop never follows peas, and I have a much larger area of clover 
and grasses for my flock. Moreover the peas are never planted on the same 
ground at a less interval than 10 years, as the portion selected for peas is that 
on which the two years’ grasses were grown.” 
If grasses fail the second year, cole-seed or mustard takes their place. 
A considerable extent of this farm is also sown away to lie five or more 
years. 
About one-fifth of the grass land is intended to be mown annually but, 
where so large a flock of sheep is kept, dry seasons make a deep inroad upon 
the meadows, and very little old land hay is made. When mown, the grass- 
land is manured ; about 15 cart-loads of farmyard manure are applied, and 
during frosts, in winter, the low meadows get a covering of from 40 to 50 
loads of what is termed crag, a soil that contains much shell and conse- 
quently phosphates. 
At the time I visited the farm there were 
91 horses. I 855 lambs. 
123 cattle. 100 shearling ewes 
580 ewes. I 19 pigs. 
And about 200 head of poultry. 
