422 
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. [Sess. 
B. Changes in the Living Animal. 
In considering the influence of the drug upon the tissues in vivo , two 
different factors have to be dealt with — the method of administration and 
the duration of the action of the drug. 
Administration by the Respiratory Tract. 
In the tissues taken from animals which had chloroform administered 
through the lungs the amount of change in the liver and kidney was 
on the whole but small. In some cases, notably those examined some 
time after ansesthesia, no variation from the normal was observable. 
The greatest change was in the organs removed from a rabbit which died 
immediately after the administration. Here the cells lining the ascending 
and descending tubules of Henle and the convoluted tubules of the kidney 
showed marked degenerative changes. The liver was much less affected, the 
cells being in an early stage of albuminous degeneration. It is notable that 
at the time the animal died the blood contained as much as 77*3 mg. of 
chloroform per 100 c.c. of blood, and that respiration had stopped during 
the administration of the drug. The specimens showing the next greatest 
change were those obtained from an experiment where a small-sized rabbit 
was anaesthetised for a short time and killed soon after. The blood was 
found to contain 308 mg. chloroform per 100 c.c. The sections of both 
kidney and liver showed extensive degeneration. 
Administration by the Stomach. 
When chloroform was administered in oil by the stomach the mortality 
was very great, and in those animals that survived the administration 
extensive changes in the organs were found. The kidney tissue had under- 
gone marked degeneration, and in many cases this had gone as far as actual 
necrosis. The tubules were frequently found to be choked with albuminous 
debris. In many instances granules which stain bright red with Scharlach 
rot were observed in the cells and in the debris. The nuclei showed a 
varying degree of affinity for the basic stain, losing the power to take on 
the stain as degeneration advances. The glomeruli were in no instance in 
an advanced stage of degeneration, signs of congestion alone being present. 
This observation is in accordance with the results obtained by the experi- 
ments in vitro. 
The degree of change in the kidney varies greatly with the length of 
time after the chloroform is administered. In cases where the animal was 
