1908-9.] Changes in Liver and Kidney after Chloroform. 423 
killed within a few hours of this administration, degeneration had not 
advanced very far. Three hours after the drug had been given the cells 
showed a considerable degree of cloudy swelling, and here and there there 
were signs of desquamation in the ascending and descending tubules of 
Henle. 
In a specimen taken at 5J hours the degeneration had advanced greatly, 
and the tubules contained a great deal of albuminous material. The cells 
were frequently found to be vacuolated, and the nuclei had taken on the 
hsemalum stain badly. When the animal recovered, the kidney tissues 
apparently began to repair after arriving at this point of degeneration. In 
specimens taken from animals which were killed two or three days later, 
apparently recovering from the effects of the drug, the changes were never 
found to be more marked than those described. On the other hand, when 
the animal died overnight after the administration or was killed when 
obviously dying, the kidney was found to be rapidly losing all signs of its 
original structure; the cells lining the tubules were frequently lost alto- 
gether, nothing being left but the basement membrane. Where the cells 
were still apparent, the nuclei were stained badly and the tubules were 
choked with debris. 
Here and there throughout the organ, particularly in one or two 
specimens, masses of blood were observed, apparently between the tubules 
and not in the vessels (figs. 1 and 2). Where this was observed, the 
cells lining the tubules adjacent to the blood were frequently found to 
contain small dark-coloured granules similar to those described by 
Fraenkel (4), Marthen (5), and Cohn (6). These were not observed in 
any other position in the kidney. 
In the liver the degree of change was also found to vary with the 
length of time after the administration of the drug, and also with the 
progress towards recovery of the animal. 
Examined three hours after administration, the cells at the periphery 
of the lobules showed but little change — at most a slight degree of cloudy 
swelling. The cells in the centre of the lobule, on the other hand, had 
undergone a granular change, and the nuclei had begun to lose their power 
of taking on the stain. 
After five hours this was still more marked ; and an hour and a half 
later some of the cells in the centre of the lobule had completely broken 
down, leaving granular debris in place of the cells. 
When the animal showed evidence of recovering from the effects of the 
drug, no further change in appearance of the tissues was observed. When 
the animal was found dead in the morning after the administration, or 
