102 — 
A reference to tables 76, 77, and 80 will show how much warmer 
the Sudan is than Egypt, and any attempt to introduce Egyptian 
methods into the Sudan without modifications will not at once turn the 
Sudan into Egypt. I allow that extensive plains of irrigated land 
greatly moderate the heat as they have already done in Middle Egypt; 
but we have to begin from the beginning in the Sudan, and there are 
no extensive plains of irrigated land. Basin irrigation will be a 
failure in the Sudan unless it is supplemented by two or three water- 
ings in the winter, for all crops except the cheapest and coarsest 
leguminous crops. Wheat must be irrigated in winter whether sown in a 
basin or on the Nile berm, except in a few choice, low and damp localities. 
Cotton, on the ther hand, which has to be sown in spring in Egypt 
and reaped in autumn will need such an extraordinary quantity of 
water to pull it through the summer that it will be found preferable 
to grow it in June with the rising flood and reap it at the end of the 
winter. Irrigation therefore from June to October for Indian corn, 
from June to February for cotton, and from November to February 
for wheat will be essentials of a good harvest in the Sudan. 
We now come to the question of the water supply. Unless permits are 
given for pumps to work from the 15th June to the 15 February, the 
cultivation of cotton and wheat on any scale in the northern part of 
the Gezireh, along - the main Nile between Khartoum and Dongola, 
and on the lower reaches of the Atbara will be out of the question. 
Maize and millets and some of the coarser leguminous plants might be 
developed by pumps with permits to work from 15th June to 15th 
October, but it would pay no one to put up pumps on these terms. 
Fortunately for the joint interests of Egypt and the Sudan, though 
Egypt cannot spare water between the 15th March and 30th June, wdiich 
would correspond to 1st March and 15th June in the Sudan; she has 
enough to spare for pumps at other times, though she has not always 
enough to spare for large free flow schemes in the Sudan. Free flow 
schemes in the Sudan, except during high and good floods, have 
however yet to be found. 
Speaking generally we may say that the agricultural success of the 
Sudan will depend on permits for pumping engines to work between 
the 1st June and the end of February. There should be no difficulty 
in the way of such permits being given. We have spoken so far of 
schemes within the power of individuals and companies. Of schemes 
which the Government alone could carry out by itself or in conjunction 
