Chap. I. 
RUDIMENTS. 
19 
plete suppression of a part, already useless and much 
reduced in size, in which case neither compensation nor 
economy can come into play, is perhaps intelligible by 
the aid of the hypothesis of pangenesis, and apparently in 
no other way. But as the whole subject of rudimentary 
organs has been fully discussed and illustrated in my 
former works, 20 1 need here say no more on this head. 
Budiments of various muscles have been observed in 
many parts of the human body ; 21 and not a few muscles, 
which are regularly present in some of the lower ani- 
mals can occasionally be detected in man in a greatly 
reduced condition. Every one must have noticed the 
power which many animals, especially horses, possess 
of moving or twitching their skin ; and this is effected 
by the panniculus carnosus. Kemnants of this muscle 
in an efficient state are found in various parts of our 
bodies ; for instance, on the forehead, by which the 
eyebrows are raised. The platysma myoides, which is 
well developed on the neck, belongs to this system, but 
cannot be voluntarily brought into action. Prof. 
Turner, of Edinburgh, has occasionally detected, as he 
informs me, muscular fasciculi in five different situa- 
tions, namely in the axillae, near the scapulae, &c., all of 
which must be referred to the system of the panniculus. 
He has also shewn 22 that the musculus sternalis or ster- 
nalis Irutorum, which is not an extension of the rectus 
abdominalis , but is closely allied to the panniculus, oc- 
20 * Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ yol. ii. 
pp. 317 and 397. See also £ Origin of Species,’ 5th edit. p. 535. 
21 For instance M. Richard Annales des Sciences Nat.’ 3rd series, 
Zoolog. 1852, tom. xviii. p. 13) describes and figures rudiments of what 
he calls the “ muscle pedieux de la main,” which he says is sometimes 
“ infiniment petit.” Another muscle, called “ le tibial posterieur,” is 
generally quite absent in the hand, but appears from time to time in a 
more or less rudimentary condition. 
22 Prof. W. Turner, ‘ Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh,’ 1866-67, p. 65. 
c 2 
