Chap. IV. 
MANNER OF DEVELOPMENT. 
109 
from 12,000 corpses how often each course prevails. 3 
The muscles are eminently variable : thus those of the 
foot were found by Prof. Turner 4 not to be strictly 
alike in any two out of fifty bodies ; and in some the 
deviations were considerable. Prof. Turner adds that 
the power of performing the appropriate movements 
must have been modified in accordance with the several 
deviations. Mr. J. Wood has recorded 5 the occurrence 
of 295 muscular variations in thirty-six subjects, and in 
another set of the same number no less than 558 varia- 
tions, reckoning both sides of the body as one. In the 
last set, not one body out of the thirty-six was “ found 
“ totally wanting in departures from the standard de- 
“ scriptions of the muscular system given in anatomical 
“ text-books.” A single body presented the extraordi- 
nary number of twenty-five distinct abnormalities. The 
same muscle sometimes varies in many ways : thus 
Prof. Macalister describes 6 no less than twenty distinct 
variations in the palmaris accessorius . 
The famous old anatomist, Wolff, 7 insists that the 
internal viscera are more variable than the external 
parts: Nulla particula est quse non aliter et aliter in 
aliis se habeat hominibus. He has even written a treatise 
on the choice of typical examples of the viscera for 
representation. A discussion on the beau-ideal of the 
liver, lungs, kidneys, &c., as of the human face divine, 
sounds strange in our ears. 
The variability or diversity of the mental faculties 
in men of the same race, not to mention the greater 
3 ‘ Anatomy of the Arteries,’ by R. Quain. 
4 4 Transact. Royal Soc.’ Edinburgh, vol. xxiv. p. 175, 189. 
5 ‘ Proc. Royal Soc.’ 1867, p. 544 ; also 1868, p. 483, 524. There is 
a previous paper, 1866, p. 229. 
6 1 Proc. R. Irish Academy,’ vol. x. 1868, p. 141. 
7 ‘ Act. Acad.,’ St. Petersburg, 1778, part ii. p. 217. 
