Revieics — Green 9 s Geolog y for Students and General Readers. 29 
The “Sambaquis” with entire shells are undoubtedly Kitchen- 
middens, and the work of man. Prof. Wiener has examined a num- 
ber of these “ Sambaquis” or “Casquieiros,” making vertical sections 
through them. Some show, amidst the heap of shells, black spots of 
irregulär form, arising from charcoal, ashes, stones blackened by 
fire, etc. ; there are also bones of fislies, portions of skeletons of birds 
(especially parrots), splintered human bones, and broken stone axes. 
These are evidently the remains of repasts, chiefly composed of shell- 
fish. The heap of refuse having reached a certain height, the upper- 
most shells were throvvn downward, and new ones heaped up, tili 
the whole came to a height too troublesome for the laziness of the 
natives, who then chose a new place for their repasts. In other 
“ Casquieiros” the section shows horizontal layers of eartli ; conse- 
quently those who heaped them up must have lived above the 
remains of their repasts, or, at least, not amidst them. 
A third dass are real burying-places made of ferruginous soil. 
These contain decomposed, but entire, human skeletons, well- 
preserved weapons, and stone mortars of finest workmanship ; 
thus indicating an advanced state of civilization, in which human 
remains had ceased to be an article of food, and had become an 
object of respect. 
The relative age of the “ Sambaquis ” could perhaps be best stated 
by their topographical Situation. All of them, natural or artificial, 
stood originally along the sea-shore, as people who did not take the 
trouble to do away with the remains of their repasts cannot be sup- 
posed to have daily transported a heavy load many miles inland, and 
tliis, under the rays of a tropical sun. 
Generally the period of chipped stone-implements is considered 
more ancient tlian that of polished ones ; the reverse must be admitted 
for this part of America. The materials of the second period are 
dioritic or basal tic, and thus far softer and requiring less perfect 
tools in shaping than the harder ones of the first period. Basaltic 
rocks, of schistose texture, abound along the coast. A grindstone 
and a file were found to be sufficient to work an axe out of them. 
Fragments of the coarse-grained granite, in which these basalts are 
imbedded, such as were washed out by the sea, served to give, by 
rubbing, the form of an axe to any basaltic fragment. It must be 
remarked that polished stone-weapons are exclusively found along 
the coast , and as excluisvely chipped ones in the interior ; and that 
the inland natives are more advanced in civilization than those living 
along the coast. 
ZEÄIEVIIEIWS. 
I. — Geology for Students and General Readers. Part I. 
Physical Geology. By A. H. Green, M.A., F.G.S., Professor of 
Geology in the Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds. 8vo. pp. 
552 and 143 woodeuts. (London : Daldy, Isbister & Co., 1876.) 
I N the preface to bis work Prof. Green remarks, that most geo- 
logists are now obliged to concentrate their attention on some 
