114 Br. Feistmantel — Bohemian Coal Fauna and Passage-Beds. 
The lower Coal-seam districts in both basins are characterized by 
a truly Carboniferous Flora only. 
While tlns Flora still grew in abundance in tbe Pilsen basin, tbe 
first Permian animals appeared there at a time when the upper 
Coal-seam of Nürschan began to be deposited. 
From this point the animals continued in the district of Kladno- 
Rakonitz upper Coal-seam, until the end of its deposition, while 
the Carboniferous Flora still existed, but was already dving out. 
After this time the Carboniferous Flora rapidly died out, and was 
replaced by Permian forms, which, witb the associated Permian 
animals, lived together as we find them in the northern part of 
Kladno-Rakonitz Coal-field, and especially in the north-east of the 
Bohemia, but which already began so in the Pilsen basin. 
We have therefore an eastward and north ward development of 
Permian animals and plants. 
A general view may illustrate the relations : — 
a Red Sandstones with Araucariles, Permian Flora, etc. 
b Spkerosiderites near Ledec and Zilow, Pilsen basin; with 
Permian animal-remains only. 
c Carboniferous Flora (rarer), near Rakonitz. 
d Gas-coal of Rakonitz (Schwarte) ; Permian animals. 
e Coal-seam. 
/ Carboniferous Flora, very abundant. 
g Coal-seam. 
h Nürscban Gas-Coal, Permian Fauna, and rieh Carboniferous 
Flora. 
i Carboniferous Flora only, very abundant. 
k Coal-seam. 
I Carboniferous Flora. 
. in Coal-seam. 
As an immediate result from this consideration it follows that in 
Bohemia (and certainly also elsewhere) there is no strict boundary 
between the true Carboniferous and Permian epoch, to demonstrate 
which was always the chief object of my four years’ examination of 
the Bohemian Coal-fields, all of which I saw under the guidance of 
Mr. Krejci, Professor of Geology at the Polytechnikum in Prague. 
The same result is clearly to be seen even from Herr Stur’s 
general view (Verb. k. k. geolog. Reiclisanst. 1874, p. 208), and 
even Prof. Weiss does not deny it, 1 although both Weiss and Stur 
tried for some time to place the Nürschan Gas-coal, which is the 
passage-bed, much lower in the series. 
But Mr. Krejci explained it very decidedly in a short, but com- 
prehensive and clearly written paper, 1874. 2 
ÜISTORICAL NOTES. 
While local geologists and palmontologists, long resident in 
Bohemia, were especially engaged in the examination of these 
Coal-fields for many years, and had explained the relations of 
these Gas-coals with tlieir Permian animals in the manner I have 
indicated, some foreign geologists, who never had occasion to 
1 Zeitschrift, d. D. Geol. Gesellsch 1874, p. 364. 
2 Sitzungsb. d. k. bohm. Gesellsch. d. Wissensch. 1874, Decemb. 
Upper 
Coal-seam 
District 
in both 
Coal-fields. 
Lower Coal- ( 
Seam District ) 
in both 1 
Coal-fields. ( 
