146 
T. Davidson — What is a Brackiopod ? 
species of Brachiopoda found in the neighbourhood of Batli. In 
1773 T. Pennant described and figured some of the soft parts of the 
animal of Terebratulina caput-serpentis (especially its brachial or 
labial appendages), and in 1774 Grundier gave a good description 
of the same appendages with enlarged illustrations. Again, in 1776 
and 1791, Müller and Poli described the animal of Crania (their 
Patella anomala and Criopus turbinata ) with some enlarged illustra- 
tions, in whicli the brachial appendages are correctly represented . 1 
Düring that Century many species of Brachiopoda both recent and 
fossil were described and figured by Linnmus, Bruguiere, and others, 
but no attempt at Classification was made. 
Space unfortunately will not admit of my mentioning in detail the 
honoured names of all those who have so materially contrihuted 
to the knowledge we at present possess with reference to the 
Brachiopoda ; but we must allude to Yon Buch, Alcide d’Orbigny, 
Defrance, de Blainville, de Verneuil, S. P. Woodward, Gray, Deslong- 
charnps, father and son, Sowerby, Barrande, de Köninck, King, 
Salter, E. Suess, M^oy, Hall, Billings, Dali, Dalman, Fischer, 
Pander, Moore, Eichwald, Kutorga, Keyserling, Sandberger, 
Seguensa, Meek, etc. The names of the zoologists who have so 
ably worked out the anatomical and structural characters of the 
animal will be duly recorded in the sequel. Grundier, in 1774, 
seems, however, to have been the first to propose to create for the 
animals under notice a distinct dass among the Mollusca. 
Name. — The name Brachiopod (ßpa^icav, an arm ; 7 roi)?, 770809 , 
a foot) was proposed for the dass by Cuvier in 1805, and Dumeril 
in 1809, and has since been very extensively adopted. In 1824 
Blainville proposed as a substitute for Cuvier’s name that of Pallio- 
branchiata ( pallium , a mantle ; branchice, gills), on account of the 
respiratory System being combined with the mantle on which the 
vascular ramifications are distributed. This terrn has always been 
adopted by Prof. King, who perhaps has rightly objected to Cuvier’s 
name, on the grounds that it is a misnomer ; for the two variously 
curved and cirrated brachial or labial appendages, improperly 
designated as arms or feet, were subsequently found not to sub- 
serve the function of locomotive organs. 
Shell. — Before alluding to the position the Brachiopod should 
occupy amongst the Invertebrata, we may at once observe that the 
animal is protected by a shell composed of two distinct valves ; and 
that these valves are always, except in cases of malformation, equal- 
sided, but not equi-valved. The shell is likewise most beautiful in 
its endless shapes and variations ; in some species it is thin, semi- 
transparent and glassy, in others massive ; generally the shell 
is from a quarter of an inch to ahout four inches in size : but in 
certain species it attains nearly a foot in breadth by something less 
1 A very remarkable paper by M. de Lamanon, “ Sur les Te'rebratules ou Poulettes, 
et description d’une espece trouvee dans les mers de la Tartarie Orientale,” was 
publisked in 1797 in vol. iv. of the Yoyage de la Perouse autour du monde. In this 
meiuoir, which appears to have been overlooked by all those who have treated of the 
same subject, the author describes as far as bis knowledge permits the soft parts of 
the animal of a species of Tenbratella. 
