172 Reviews — Whitaker’ s Geology of East Essex. 
which only five are considered as Upper Devonian. These are : 
Strophalosia productoides, Murch. ; Chonetes coronata, Conr. ; Itliyn- 
clionella pleurodon, Phill. ; Spiri/er disjunctus, Sow . ; and Aviculo- 
pecten Clarkei, de Kon. 
Here again we find that, with four exceptions only, every one of 
these New South Wales Devonian fossils belong or are closely allied 
to European or American species of the same age. The exceptions 
are described by Prof, de Köninck under the following names : 
Archceocyathus (?) Clarkei, Billings! a alveolaris (tliis genus is transi- 
tional between Aulopora and Syringopora), Niso (?) Darwinii (this 
is the first record of a representative of this genus from rocks older 
than Tertiary), Mitchellia striatula (a Buccinid shell soinewhat 
allied to Columbella and represented by one specimen only). 
The Carboniferous species are not included in the present memoir, 
but the writer States that their enumeration will carry out the law 
which he has shown holds with regard to Devonian and Silurian 
forms. The South Wales Carboniferous Fauna will not be found to 
differ in any marked degree from those of America and Europe. 
This is but a confirmation of wbat we had been led to expect from 
the work of identification begun by Mr. W. B. Clarke himself, Prof. 
McCoy, Messrs. Selwyn, Salter, and R. Etheridge ; but it is impossible 
to overrate the filterest of the subject both to geologists and to 
biologists. G. A. L. 
III. — The Geology of the Eastern End of Essex. By William 
Whitaker, B.A., F.G.S. [Explanation of Quarter Sheet 48 S.E. 
(with the adjoining part of 48 N.E.) of the Geological Survey 
Map of England and Wales.} 8vo. pp. 32. (London, 1876. 
Price 9 d.) 
T HE area described in this concise little memoir, embracing about 
50 square miles, iucludes the country around Walton Naze and 
Har wich, and forms part of the London Basin. 
It boasts no very striking or picturesque scenery, being, as Mr. 
Whitaker describes it, “essentially a clay-countrv, with gentle slopes, 
nowhere probably reaching to a greater height than 150 feet above 
the sea, the higher gi-ound being for the most part flat, from the 
cappings of gravel, the remains of a once continuous plateau. The 
slopes mostly sink into alluvial flats, which are to a great extent 
below the level of high water, and are protected only by artificial 
embankments.” The geology, liowever, furnishes man}' points of 
considerable interest, such as the Cement-stone beds of Harwich and 
the Red Crag of Walton Naze, while the evidence fumished by the 
deep well at the fortner locality has more than a local importance, 
proving, as it did, the occurrence of Palieozoic rocks at a depth of 
1029 feet beneath the surface. 
The formations described include: (1) the London Clay ; (2) the 
Red Crag of Walton Naze and Beaumont, with the description of 
some small outliers first noticed during the mapping of the country, 
and a notice of the Red Crag of Harwich described by Dale in 1732, 
