Prof. Milne and Alex. Murray — Rocks of Newfoundland. 251 
Fio. 10. — S. Abdeiiensis, R. Eth., jun. ; left valve, twice nat,. size. Same locality. 
,, 11. — „ „ ,, ,, valves partially 
united along the hinge-liue. Same locality. 
„ 12. — Capulus neritoides, Phill., var. Simpsoni, R. Eth., jun. ; nat. size side view. 
L. Carb. Limestone Group, Magazine Quarry, Pathhead, Haddington- 
shire. Cabinet of Mr. J. Simpson, Edinburgh. 
„ 13. — The same ; nat. size, dorsal view. 
„14. — „ ,, view of aperture. 
„ 15. — Orthoceras Brownianum, R. Eth., jun.; natural size. L. Carboniferous, 
Ardross, Fife. Cabinet of Rev. T. Brown, Edinburgh. Fig. 155, seetion 
eularged. 
II. — On the Rocks of Newfoundland. 
By Professor John Milne, F.G.S., 1 
Imperial College of Engineering, Tokei, Japan. 
With Notes by Alexander Muhray, F G.S., of the Geological Survey of Canada, 
St. John’s, Newfoundland. 
W IIEN we speak of Newfoundland, we speak of England’s oldest 
and yet almost unknown Colony. When we look at its rocks, 
we skall find that they also are old, and froni the metamorphisms and 
contortions they have suffered are almost unrecognizable. The first 
geologist who journeyed round the rugged shores which gird the 
island, and across the marshes and thickets which cover its inferior, 
was the iudefatigable Jukes. For two years he laboured hard, and 
after many dreary tramps up river-courses, across swamps, and 
round impenetrable scrub, to the shores of quiet inland rocky lakes, 
he returned without finding a fossil. The next to prosecute research 
was Richardson, of the Canadian Survey, who fixed a basis of con- 
nexion between the geology of the Island and that of the mainland. 
He was immediately succeeded by Alexander Murray, a veteran 
geologist, who, in connexion with Sir William Logan, will always 
be remembered as the earliest worker who successfully unravelled 
the tangled knots of the Laurentian System. Mr. Murray has been 
teil years engaged upon tliis Survey, and has now placed before us a 
geological map of the greater part of an island about which we 
previously did not even know the general topographical details, 
although it was our oldest Colonial possession. 
The formations which have been hitherto recognized are shown in 
juxtaposition with their English and American equivalents in the 
table on the next page (p. 252). 
A mere glance at this table will show the antiquated rocks with 
which we have to deal, and suggest a picture of all that is weather- 
worn and grey with age. A distinguished English geologist, Prof. 
J udd, after inquiring about the age of the rocks in Newfoundland, 
1 The Information contained in the following paper was obtained whilst travelling 
round and through the island of Newfoundland during the years 1873 and 1874. 
I visited nearly every bay and cove, and made many jourueys into the almost 
unknown interior whilst twice going round the island. Many specimens, both of 
rocks and fossils, were collected. 
Although I had every opportunity of seeing the island, I must acknowledge the 
large proportion of material extracted from the early numbers of Mr. Murray's 
official reports. I also thank Mr. Thomas Davies, F.G.S., of the British Museum, 
for the microscopic determination of many rocks. — J. M. 
