292 
Prof. Milne — Across Europe and Asia. 
over areas of enonnous extent, bothin tlie temperate and frigid 
zones. 1 Now what must be tbe effect of such actions upon a coast 
wliere we bave a gradual elevation of the land in Operation, or, to 
speak more generally, wbere there is a varying relation between a 
country and tbe water wbicb surrounds it ? Tbe case I sball take 
for consideration is wbere tbe land may be supposed to be einerging, 
as in tbe case of Finland. How tbis emergence bas been produced, 
wbetlier by an elevation of tbe land, or by a drawing off of tbe waters, 
by an accumulation of polar ice, makes no difference. First, consider 
tbe land wben it is just beneatb tbe surface of tlie water, where, in 
summer time, it forms a beaving Curling swell, and often a crest- 
capped breaker, to warn tbe passing boats of its dangerous shallows. 
At tbis period it comes for tbe first time witbin tbe influence of coast 
ice, and moulding is begun upon its surface. Düring wiuter and 
spring montbs passing pans and slnall bergs of ice jostle on its 
shallows. Should it possess asperities, tbey are rounded off. And as 
it rises higher in tbe water, it will gradually assume tbe bump- 
backed form wbicb is so observable in many of tbe small rocky 
islands on tbe Finnisb coast. It will now be witbin tbe full influence 
of all tbe grinding agents wbicb, during tbe winter montbs, float 
round and attacb themselves to its sbores. A fringe of ice, set witb 
teetb of stone, is ready at every tide to rise and fall upon its sides, 
at every wind to be driven bigb and dry or to be carried away, and 
witb every current to move coastwise scouring and scratcbing along 
its rocky sbore. 
Now wbat I wisb to maintain, and wbat I bave put forward before, 
is, tbat as tbe island or coast-line continues to rise, tbe definite 
cbaracter and markings of coast-ice are carried upwards, and remain 
in many cases raised bigb above and sometimes far removed from 
tbe present sea-line, as monumeuts of an old coast tbat once was 
fringed witb ice. 
Striking examples of tbis I saw in some of tlie islands just before 
we reacbed Abo. Some of tbese were large, and ivere decked witb 
clumps of trees ; otbers, wbicb were smaller, were witbout trees, but 
were black witb age and probably witb a growtb of lieben ; wliilst 
otbers, again, tbe sinallest, of about fifty yards in diameter, were only 
raised like inverted saucers a few feet above sea-level. Many of 
tbese islands bad a great similarity in tbeir rounded contour, and 
were covered witb boulders brougbt tbere by tbe winter ice. Tbe 
surface of the smallest of tbese small islands was wholly of a whitisli 
colour, produced by tbe rubbing of tlie ice, and sbowing tbat tbey 
bad recently been entirely covered witb it. As in winter time tbe 
karger islands are only fringed by ice, tbe whitisli colour, as might 
naturally be expected, only extends in a band round tbeir base, instead 
of wholly covering tbem. 
Now tlie point I observed is tbis, tbat in taking one of tbe larger 
islands, one witbout a capping of trees or sbrubs being tbe best for 
1 A more detailed account of the netiou of coast iee can be seen in “ Ice and Ice 
Work in Newfoundland,” Geol. Mag. Dec. II. Vol. III. Nos. 7, 8, 9. 
