296 
Prof. Milne — Across Enrope and Asia. 
other visitors to those shores. The countries which surround such 
smooth-worn coast-lines, like Finland, give evidences of recent eleva- 
tion, and moreover both lands show a similar ice-worn surface, over 
which boulders in varying quantities are everywhere scattered. 
Ancient glaciers, many of which were of large extent, together 
with icebergs, liave no doubt done their share as tools in Nature’s 
workshop. But there is another form of ice which, when thought 
of, comes readily to the front, and that is Coast Ice. How far this 
agent may liave acted in the modelling of continents I liave only 
speculated on ; but how far it has been influential in the modelling of 
islands, coast-lines, and low-lying countries, I have already stated 
my convictions upon. In conclusion I may state that to my mind it is 
certain that, on further Observation, the action of coast ice will be 
proved to have been far more extensive than geologists have hitherto 
supposed. 
On the night of the 12th August we left the town of Helsingfors, 
and all next day were slowly steaming across the quiet waters at the 
head of the Gulf of Finland. About 4 p.m. we ran between the 
formidable-looking forts of Cronstadt, and sliortly afterwards sighted 
the huge gilt dorne which crowns St. Isaac’s cathedral, the glory of 
St. Petersburg. 
If we look at the map appended to chap. xxvi. in Geikie’s Great 
Ice Age, on which are indicated the general directions of ice action in 
the northern parts of Europe, their directions, which all point sea- 
wards, or eise towards the lowest land, will be seen to be rather more 
favourable for the views which I have advocated than they are for 
those which they are more particularly intended to Support, which 
are that the ice radiated from “the high grounds of Norway and 
Sweden, flowing north and north-east into the Arctic Ocean, and east 
into the White Sea.” 
It is difficult to conceive, as most geologists do, that the northern 
drift and its associated boulders are a purely marine deposit, for to 
have been this it is necessary that at one time they must have 
passed from beneath the water wliere they were deposited through 
a surging coast-line, in Order to reacli the elevated position they now 
occupy, during which period they would have been subject to such 
degradation which none but deposits of extraordinary thickness 
coukl well withstand. 
A similar objection might be raised respecting the existence of 
any scratches and roundings produced by land glaciers, if it is ever 
supposed that they were subsequently beneath the sea. Such 
markings to be preserved must always have remained above sea- 
level, or eise have been shielded by some protective covering during 
both subsidence and elevation. 
If we read Chapter xxvi. of Geikie’s “ Great Ice Age,” which 
treats of the glaciation of Norway, Sweden, and Finland, we find 
much evidence which is unintentionally favoui-able to my argument. 
For example, at the end of the chapter, p. 397, the immense power 
of coast-ice upon the coast of Finland is spoken of, and a case is 
cited of an immense raft of ice being driven ashore which over- 
