Kessingland Freshwater Bed and Weyhourne Sand. 387 
distinct markings in tlie sand which Mr. Eeid believes to be rootlets 
are really such; and this point must be satisfactorily established 
before any division of tbese marine sands into two beds by the Inter- 
vention of a land-surface can be admitted. Tbe mere presence of 
tbe opercula of freshwater shells, or even of freshwater sbells 
themselves, which Mr. Eeid occasionally finds in tbese beds, cannot 
be looked on as conclusive of tkeir freshwater origin, since fresh- 
water shells are found in those parts of these sands which are un- 
doubtedly marine, or at most slightly fluvio-marine. Apart, there- 
fore, from the existence of the black peaty bed at Eunton, but which 
may be explicable in the way suggested above, we have never seen 
anything in these Weybourne sands which would justify Mr. Eeid’s 
division of them into two marine beds, separated by a freshwater 
deposit or land-surface. 
Thirdly. The passing up of the Weybourne sand into the Till is 
denied by Mr. Eeid. We are surprised at this, for at many clean 
exposures which we have from time to time met with, this was 
clearly visible. It was so at Weybourne most distinctly; and it was 
so over the Eunton peaty bed, where the sand with pebble seams 
below the Till alternates with bands of clay, indistinguishable from 
the Till itself ; while between Cromer and Mundesley these beds 
arch up in great thickness above the beach, and, darkened by and 
interstratified with lignitic debris, change so gradually into the Till 
by alternation of pebble seams, chalky silt, and lignitiferous sand 
with clayey Till, that it is impossible to draw even an approximate 
line between the two deposits. On the other hand, there are near 
Hasborough distinct unconformities in the stratified material by 
which the Till and contorted drift are indistinguishably represented 
at that end of the cliff section, but these we regard as simply the 
effect of shoaling and of current action during the accumulation of 
these beds (see No. II. of the sections accompanying our map in 
the Supplement to the Crag Mollusca). It is obvious that if the two 
deposits, the pebbly sands and the Till, do not pass into each other, 
there must exist everywhere a line of denudation between them, be- 
cause there could not have beeil an intermediate conversion into 
land without it ; and this line should be visible everywhere along 
the coast where the section is clear, and not be confined to the dips 
or plunges shown in Mr. Eeid’s section, which seem to us only part 
of the disturbances caused by the grounding of bergs in the con- 
torted drift, by which the Till and that drift have been in places 
affected, in common with the sands in quesfcion. We have also seen 
these sands interstratified with the Contorted Drift in the neighbour- 
hood of Norwich, though Mr. Eeid appeals to Mr. H. B. Wood- 
ward’s experience of that neighbourhood to the contrary. The 
quarry by Guist Church shows, or did show, also, the same thing. 
Fourthly. As regards Tellina Balthica, Mr. Eeid is in error in sup- 
us has ever represented the forest bed and its associated freshwater deposits as in 
situ to the west of Mundesley, but only to the east of that place, where we still 
believe the freshwater beds with mammalian remains occur in that state, whatever 
be the case as regards the arboreal remains there. 
