389 
Prof. Milne — Across Europe and Asia. 
than is that of the sands in question, while the relation borne by 
them to tbe Chalky clay wbicb rests on tbem is at least as distinct as 
is tbat of tbe pebbly sands to tbe overlying Till. Botb, bowever, in 
our opinion, are not only part of tbe Glacial formation, but tbe Till 
in the one case, and tbe Chalky clay in tbe otber, are equally con- 
tinuations of the sand deposits beneatb tbem by change in tbe 
material deposited. We may add, also, in Opposition to Mr. 
Reid’s assertion tbat tbe climate, as sbown by tbe land animals and 
plants, was no colder than at present, tbat Sir Charles Lyell 
(“ Antiquity of Man,” p. 262) stated tbat a Swedish geologist recog- 
nized among tbe lignite beds of tbe sands in question tbe remains of 
Salix polaris, now only known witbin tbe Arctic circle, and of an 
Arctic moss, Hypnum turgescens, only found living in temperate 
latitudes on tbe extreme heights of tbe Alps. Most of tbe land and 
fresbwater Shells mentioned by Mr. Reid, and referred to by bim 
in support of bis contention as still living in Norfolk, occur also 
witbin tbe Arctic circle ; and tbe rest, tbere can be little doubt, 
are also denizens of tbe same region, tbougb tbeir presence there bas 
not been actually recorded. Perhaps be will go on to teil us what 
forms of land or fresbwater mollusca beyond wbat are known as 
from tbese or from Crag beds would, if present, indicate an Arctic 
climate. Seven or eigbt species belonging to tbe genera Helix, 
Pupa, Succinea, Planorbis, and Lymncea, from Greenland, are given 
as distinct by Möller ; but it is very doubtful wetber tbese are any- 
tbing more than well-known temperate-climate species. 
In conclusion, we would observe tbat if Mr. Reid’s diagram section 
is correct, tbe actual sections at and near tbe termination of the 
Wey'bourne cliff must have greatly changed of late years, for it is 
evident, from Prof. Prestwich’s sections of tbe cliff between Sherring- 
ham and Weybourne (botb tbose publisbed in bis paper, and tbose 
besides wbicb were exhibited on its reading, all of which differ from 
ours only in representing tbe lowest part of the beds in question as 
Crag and Chillesford Clay), that during tbe period of bis acquaintance 
witb tbe cliff near Weybourne, be bad not observed in it tbe sorne- 
wbat tbick fresbwater bed wbich Mr. Reid represents as tbere ex- 
tending continuously and intervening unconformably between marine 
sands; and our experience of tbose sections, except so far as concerns 
tbe reference of any part of tbem to tbe Crag and Chillesford Clay, 
is in accord witb that of Prof. Prestwich. 
II. — Aceoss Eitrope and Asia. — Travelling Notes. 
By Professor John Miixe, F.G.S. ; 
Imperial College of Engineering, Tokei, Japan. 
(Continued from p. 346.) 
Part III. — Perm to Ekaterinburg and Nijni Tagil. 
Contents. — Perm. — Aross the Urals. — Ekaterinburg — Gold M ines of Beresovsk. — 
Eide to Nijni Tagil. — Mines of Nijni Tagil. 
P ERM is known to tbe Russians like Woolwicb is to tbe Englisli, 
as being a great cannon manufactory. It is said to employ 4000 
workmen, and is tbe largest establishment of tbe kind in Russia. 
To see it one must go about tbree miles fartber up tbe river. ln 
