Section C. — Address by Mr. W. Pengelly, President. 427 
usual depth of the bed was from 2 to 4 feet, but tliis was exceeded by 4 or 
5 feet in two localities. 
5t h. The Third Bed lay immediately ou an accumulation of pebbles of 
quartz, greenstone, grit, and limestone, mixed with small fragments of 
shale. The depth of this, known as the Fourth or Gravel Bed , was unde- 
termined; for, excepting a fewfeet only, the limestone bottom was nowhere 
reached. There is abundant evidence that this bed, as well as a stalag- 
mitic floor which had covered it, had been partially broken up and dislodged 
before the introduction of the Third Bed. 
Organic remains were found in the Stalagmitic Floor and in each of the 
beds beneath it, with the exception of the Second only ; but as 95 per 
cent. of the whole series occurred in the Third, this was not unfrequently 
termed the Bone Bed. 
The Mammals represented in the Stalagmite were Bear, Reindeer, 
Rhinoceros tichorhinus, Mammoth, and Cave Lion. 
The First Bed yielded Bear and Fox only. 
In the Third Bed were found relics of Mammoth, Rhinoceros tichorhinus, 
Horse, Bos primigenius, B. longifrons, Red Deer, Reindeer, Roebuck, Cave 
Lion, Cave Hysena, Cave Bear, Grizzly Bear, Brown Bear, Fox, Hare, 
Rabbit, Lagomys speloeus, Water-Yole, Shrew, Polecat, and Weasel. 
The only remains met with in the Fourth Bed were those of Bear, Horse, 
Ox, and Mammoth. 
The Human Industrial Remains exhumed in the Cavern were flint im- 
plements and a hammer-stone, and occurred in the Third and Fourth 
Beds only. The pieces of flint met with were 36 in number. Of these, 
15 are held to show evidence of having been artificially worked, in 9 the 
workmanship is rüde or doubtful, 4 have been mislaid, and the remainder 
are believed not to have been worked at all (see Phil. Trans, vol. 163, 1873, 
pp. 561, 562). Of the undoubted tools, 11 were found in the Third and 4 
in the Fourth Bed. Two of those yielded by the Third Bed, found 40 feet 
apart, in two distinct but adjacent galleries, and one a month before the 
other, proved to be parts of one and the same nodule-too\ ; and I have 
little or no doubt that it had been washed out of the Fourth Bed and re- 
deposited in the Third. 
The Hammer-Stone was a quartzite pebble, found in the upper portion of 
the Fourth Bed, and bore distinct marks of the use to which it was applied. 
Speaking of the discovery of the tools just mentioned, Mr. Prestwich 
said in 1859 : — “ It was not until I had myself witnessed the conditions 
under which flint implements had been found at Brixham, that I became 
fully impressed with the validity of the doubts thrown upon the previously 
prevailiug opinions with respect to such remains in caves ” (Phil. Trans. 
1860, p 280) ; and according to Sir C. Lyell, writing in 1863 : — “ A sudden 
change of opinion was brought about in England respecting the probable 
coexistence, at a former period, of man and many extinct mammalia, in 
consequence of the results obtained from the careful exploration of a Cave 
at Brixham The new views very generally adopted by English 
geologists had no small influence on the subsequent progress of opinion in 
France” (Antiquity of Man, pp. 96, 97). 
Beuch Cavern. — Early in 1861 information was brought me that an ossi- 
ferous cave had just been discovered at Brixham, and, on visiting the spot, 
I found that, of the limestone quarries worked from time to time in the 
northern slope of Furzeham Hill, one known as Bench Quarry, about half 
a mile due north of Windmill Hill Cavern, and almost overhanging Tor- 
bay, had been abandoned in 1839, and that work had been recently resumed 
in it. It appeared that in 1839 the workmen had laid bare the greater 
part of a vertical dyke, composed of red clayey loam and angular pieces of 
limestone, forming a coherent wall-like mass, 27 feet high, 12 feet long, 
