S. V. Woodjun. — American ancl British Surfacc- Geolog fj. 487 
which, wkere it did not sweep them out altogether, twisted them up 
in a violent manner witk otker sands on which they kad reposed. 
Can any one contend in tke face of tkis tkat sands would be left 
undisturbed by glacier-ice moving over tkem witk vast pressure ? 
In describing tke morainic chalky clay, of wkick tke Upper Glacial 
in East Anglia is formed, as kaving arisen in part from droppings, I 
kave, until now, spoken of tke dropping agent kaving been bergs, 
but it has since Struck me tkat I kave been to tkat extent in error. 
I was led to tkis view because, wkile it seemed to me clear that tke 
morainic matter was dropped from floating ice, I was pressed by 
tke impossibility of floe (or sea surface-fortned) ice attaching itself 
to morainic material extruded in deep water. 
In tke case of tkis ckalky clay, kowever, tkougk tke evidences of 
its kaving arisen in part by the droppings of tke material from 
floating-ice are to my mind conclusive, yet we fail to find evidences 
in it of tke action of grounding bergs, suck as is so conspicuous in 
tke case of tke Contorted Drift. At tke same time tke general bearing 
of the facts connected witk tke accumulation of the ckalky clay 
seems to me to indicate tkat during it tke sea in East Anglia was too 
shallow to give rise to bergs, for these only break off where tke water 
is deep enougk to buoyup and break off the glacier termination. It 
is only some of tke Greenland fiörds wkere the water is very deep 
tkat tkus give rise to bergs, for in otkers the glacier ending in shallow 
water melts in tke sea, and fills up tke fiörd witk its moraine . 1 
We must, I now tkink, infer tkat the agent by wkick tkis dropping 
was accomplisked was floe ice packed in winter around tke glacier’s 
termination wkick froze to tke bank of morainic material at tke 
glacier’s foot, and so carried it away in skeets and masses during 
summer. 
Kesuraing now our examination and enumeration of American 
Glacial phenomena, we find tkat the Erie clay, wkich in its lower 
part is unstratified like tke Upper Glacial clay of East Anglia and 
of the North of England, and the Scottisk Till, is similarly full of 
rolled debris ; and it is described by Prof. Newberry as passing up 
in Ohio into laminated beds wkick ke attributes to the deposit of 
the finer material ground up by tke glacier-ice and suspended in the 
water of the basin. The interbedding of material ground up by 
glacier-ice in ordinary mud in the form of streaks of ckalky silt, 
may be distinctly seen in the Contorted Drift of Cromer Cliff, as we 
follow it north-west from Cromer towards Weybourne, that is to 
say, towards tke place wkere, during tke formation of this Drift, the 
glacier discharged into tke sea. In tke ckalky clay (or Upper 
Glacial) of East Anglia, owing, as it seems to me. to tke shallowness 
to wkich at tkat stage of tke Glacial period tke sea had in tkat 
part of England become reduced, we do not encounter this feature ; 
1 Brown, Journal of the Geographical Soc. for 1871, p. 351. Mr. J. “W. Tarier, 
also, in the same journal for 1870, p. 228, says that numerous fiörds in Greenland 
have been so filled up by the moraines extruded by the glaciers, that boats hardly 
find depth of water enough to ascend them, while one of the glaciers, that north of 
Frederickshaab, which is 15 miles wide, and ends, not in a fiörd, but ou the open 
coast, has formed a beach at its base with the moraine it extrudes. 
