48S S. V. Woodyjun. — American and Britüh Surf ace- Geolog y. 
but in Holderness, wkere the clialky clay passes up into the purple, 
and wkere, as explained in tke sequel, tke water was deeper, 
tkough not deep enougk to form bergs, tke morainic ckalky clay 
does seem to pass up, tkrougk an intermediate stage formed by 
dropped slieets of morainic matter, into clay of tke ckaracter wkick 
Prof. Newberry describes the upper portion of the Erie clay to 
be ; for tkougk it is not usually laminated, it is full of lenticular 
beds of sand, and to my eye presents tke appearance of a clay 
formed by marine deposit from tke ground-up material of a glacier 
carried away in Suspension, and accompanied by copious droppings 
of rock debris from floating ice (see tke clays c and d, witk lenti- 
cular beds of sand and gravel, c' and (V therein, skowu in tke skeet 
of sections accompanying tke sequel of tliis paper). 
On tke Canadian kigklands, wkere tke material acted on was 
harder, and wkere free drainage, as he calls it, washed away tke 
finer portions, tkis clay, Prof. Newberry says, is largely replaced by 
gravel-sands and boulders. As the gravel-sands of these higklands 
could not, however, have been accumulated until the glacier-ice kad 
receded from thence so as to give place for tkeir deposit, we seem 
to have here a formation of Eskers and Karnes, such as is discussed 
further on. If the gravels of these Canadian kigklands occupy, as I 
imagine tkey do, elevations above the Erie clay, and also above that 
to wkich tke submergence under which the Leda and Champlain 
clays accumulated reached, it seems to me that tkey must be Eskers 
or Karnes formed by tke melting of tke glacier-ice wben it ceased 
to disckarge its moraine beneatk the Atlantic, and beneath tke 
lalce waters, and had receded to these highlands. If, however, tkey 
be not tkus referable to Karne and Esker origin, or if tkey contain 
marine organisms, tkey would, perhaps, answer to the Mountain 
(Moel Tryfaen) and high-level (Macclesfield) sands of England 
and Wales, wkick represent the latest portion of tke Upper Glacial 
formation wken the ice-sheet kad wasted back to tke mountain 
peaks, and Nortk-west Britain had assumed the condition of an 
archipelago. Assuming them, however, not to be of marine origin, 
but Karnes and Eskers (which, as presently explained, is tke form 
assumed by tke moraine wken tke recession of the ice takes place 
subaerially), it seems to me that tkey must be the product, and 
tke latest product too, of tke last glaciation to wkick tke region 
tkey occupy has been subjected; for not only would tke ice in its 
subaerial recession leave such beds, but it must, it seems to me, 
have plougked out and destroyed tke formations of any previous 
glaciation wkerever it encountered them in its advance, and tkere- 
fore up to wherever such subsequent ice reached. 
Prof. Newberry observes that altkough the Erie clay occupies the 
same relation to tke glaciated rock-surface as do the “ Leda,” 
“ Champlain,” and “ Glacial ” clays of tke Atlantic coast, tkere is 
not sufficient evidence to connect them as exactly synckronous ; 
but he considers that these Atlantic coast clays were formed in a 
similar way to tliat of tke Erie clay ; that is to say, during a subsi- 
dence of the Eastern coast of North America wken the Atlantic 
