512 
Prof. Milne — Across Europe and Ada. 
ping every two or three bours at some post-station to obtain a 
cliange of horses. I now noticed that the birch-trees were only 
growing upon the land which had beeil cleared on eitlier side of tbe 
road ; far behind them I could see the dark frontage of woods of fir. 
The evergreen, on being cut down, had evidently given way, whilst 
trees, like birch and aspen, had sprung up in its place, giving ns 
an example of that succession in growth which sometimes takes 
jilace in the Yegetable Kingdom, and which Lyell and others have 
represented as having taken place in pi-e-liistoric Denmark and 
in other countries. Every night we now had frosts, and it was 
necessary to wrap up warmly, whilst eveiy morning the sun 
streamed in at the open mouth of our tarantass to take otf the chill 
of night, and remind us that it was Eastward Ho that we were 
travelling. 
On the morning of the 27th at last I saw real hills. They were 
large and smooth in outline. Separating us from them there was 
a valley filled with mist, between the patches of which small 
Stretches of a shining river could now and then be seen. 
As we were entering a village called Bojotol, at about 9.30 a.m., 
one of our carriages happening to break down, I had an opportunity 
given to me to walk down to the river I had seen, which I leamt 
was called the Ohulim. In a bend upon the side towards which the 
water flowed, there were banks 20-30 feet in height. The upper 
layer of these was of black earth, about 1 J feet in thickness, beneath 
which came a yellowisli clay, which readily crumbled when it was 
dry. In tliis latter, which formed the remainder of the bank, about 
six feet from the top, I found a lower jaw of some small rodent like 
a Squirrel. This was unfortunately so friable that it broke whilst it 
was being transported. Two feet below this there was a band of 
clayey concretions. Two feet still lower I found a number of frag- 
mentary bones, only the articulating heads of which were preserved. 
They were apparently those of an animal like an Ox. Beneath this 
bone band there was a bed of bluish clay, from which a talus sloped 
downwards to the water’s edge, hiding all that was beneath. After 
the difficulties of carriage mending had been overcome, we proceeded 
on our journey. Some miles farther on the road I saw another 
section in the banks of the same river, which I have just described. 
It was, however, twice as thick, and was made up of beds which 
were very sandy. In the afternoon we passed a square post 
standing by the side of the road, which marked the division between 
the governments of East and West Siberia, and the same evening 
we entered the town of Artchinsk. Before night came on I had 
time to see that there were a few low hills in the neighbourhood, 
but these, I think, like those at Tobolsk, were made of alluvial 
material. Next afternoon, just before we reached Krasnojarsk, 
which I looked upon as the lialfway house upon our tiresome car- 
riage journey, we entered on a hilly country. It was very open, 
which, with its want of trees, together with its smooth curving 
contour-lines, gave to it an appearance not unlike our English 
Downs. For a considerable time whilst we were rolling along the 
