515 
Prof. Milne — Across Europe and Asm. 
In tbe first portion of my journey across Sweden, and along 
Finland, I described tbe ice-worn aspect whicb tbese countries 
present, which I, in part, justly attributed to tbe action of coast-ice 
on a rising area. I tben made reference to tbe indications tbat we 
bave, botb bere and fartber soutb, of tbe bigber lands and valleys 
being covered witb glacier-ice. In sorne places new ones were 
fresbly formed, wbilst in otber places pre-existing ones were aug- 
mented, so tbat, as Prof. Eamsay teils us, we bad, for exainple, in 
tbe Alps glaciers perbaps 3500 feet in tbickness. All tbis implied 
an intensification of modern agencies. Fartber on, upon tbe section 
of my journey across tbe Siberian steppes, I intimated tbat indica- 
tions of an ice-cap, or of conditions so severe as tbey appear to bave 
been in Europe, are at present wanting, and, tberefore, until we 
bave really found tbem, tbeir existence rests on debatable evidence. 
Adopting tbe above views, tbe tracks of Palseolitbic man, and of 
tbe animals wbicb were Contemporary witb bim, wbicb are being 
brougbt to ligbt in Siberia, may be taken as congruent pkenomena, 
and we may suppose tbat tbey retreated from a climate, wbicb in 
Western Europe was by its severity driving tbem towards tbe soutb, 
and escaped to one more suited to tbeir conditions. Tbat tbey re- 
treated directly towards tbe nortb as tbe cold retreated, at present 
bardly appears to bave been tbe case, because remains of a Palaeo- 
litbic type do not appear to bave been collected from tbose countries, 
like Den mark and Scandinavia, wbere tbey would naturally be ex- 
pected to occur. 
Witb tbis speculation upon tbe cause of migration, wbicb migra- 
tion was in itself more or less of a speculation, I will stop, and 
re turn to my track upon tbe road to Irkutsk from whicb I bave so 
far wandered. Tbe country beyond tbe Eiver Kan is undulating, 
and is tbickly covered witb both pine and birch. As tbe road some- 
times led us along tbe tops of ridges, we occasionally obtained exten- 
sive views. In tbe afternoon we crossed a morass upon a road wbich 
was kept in its place by a row of piles driven in about three feet 
apart upon either side. Every morning we stopped at the first 
Station we reacbed after daybreak to warm ourselves and drink tea. 
At tbese places we bad excellent opportunities for observing a red 
species of cock-roacb witb wbicb tbe walls of tbe station-house 
were tbickly covered. On tbe following nigbt, Ist of November, it 
snowed heavily, and by tbe morning the ground was so tbickly 
covered tbat tbe rapidity of our progress was greatly impeded. Tbe 
surrounding bills were now bigber. Owing to a tbaw during the 
day and a frost at nigbt, tbe sides of many of tbe bills wbicb we 
bad to cross became so slippery tbat it was often doubtful whether 
we should reacb tbeir summits, and mucb of tbe nigbt was spent 
walking alongside our struggling borses. One borse we bad to 
leave for dead. On tbe 4th it rained and blew beavily, and, in spite 
of all our endeavours, tbe rain forced an entrance to our tarantass. 
On tbe evening of tbe same day, about 5 p.m., we reacbed tbe shores 
of tbe rapidly fiowing Angara, on tbe opposite side of wbicb we 
could see tbe glimmering ligbts of tbe bouses in Irkutsk. In less 
