Geological Society of London. 573 
more closely to tliat of Spitzbergen tlian to that of Greenland, as 
might be expected from the relative positions of the localities ; and 
the difference is the same in kind as that already indicated by Prof. 
Heer between Spitzbergen and Greenland, and would indicate the 
same kind of climatic difference. Nevertheless, the presence of 
Tnxodium distichum excludes arctic conditions, and that of the 
water-lily indicates the existence of fresh water, which must have 
remained open a great part of the year. Representatives of plants 
now living exclusively in the arctic zone are wanting in the Grin- 
nell-Land deposits ; but on the other hand most of the genera still 
extend into that zone, although they ränge in Grinnell Land from 
12 a to 15° further north than at present. 
3. “ On our present knowledge of the Invertebrate Pauna of the 
Lower Carboniferous or Calciferous Sandstone series of the Edinburgh 
neighbourhood, especially of that division known as the Wardie 
Shales, and on the first appearance of certain species in the beds.” 
By R. Etheridge, Esq., jun., F.G.S. 
The Calciferous Sandstone series of the district described con- 
sists, according to the author, of two divisions : — the superior, or 
“ Cement-stone group,” composed of sandstones, shales, oil-shales, 
some thin coals, and a few limestones ; the inferior, or “ Red Sand- 
stone,” consisting of red and grey sandstones, conglomerates, marls, 
and cornstones. The latter are very unfossiliferous, an Entomo- 
stracan ( Estheria Peachii) being the only fossil known from the Red 
Sandstone. In some sandstones and shaies at Clubbiedcan Reservoir, 
placed with doubt at the base of the Cement-stone group, Leperditia 
scotoburdigalensis and a crushed bivalve ( Myalina ?) occur with 
Sphenopteris affiuis ; and a limestone belonging to the same set of 
beds is almost entirely composed of Spirorbis helicteres with «S. car- 
bonarius (?). In shales at Craiglockhart Hill, Discina nitida, Lingula 
squamiformis (?) and mytiloide s, Anthracosia nucleus, Avicula Hender- 
soni, and a new Myalina occur. In the Wardie Shales at Woodhall 
Serpnlites carbonarius, a species of Clmtetes, a new species of Leda, 
Myalina crassa, var., a species of Aviculopecten, Schizodus Salieri, 
Pandora typica ; Pleurotomaria monilifera, Murchisonia striatnla (?), 
Bellerophon decussata, var., a species of Conularia, Nautilus cariniferns, 
and a species of Orthoceras, rnake their appearance, associated with 
several of the previously mentioned fossils. This appears to be the 
riebest deposit in the whole group ; but a new species not found in 
it occurs elsewliere. The author has increased the known Inverte- 
brate fauna of the Calciferous Sandstone group in this district from 
twenty to thirty species, most of which he describes and figures, and 
among them the following are distinguished as new or undeter- 
mined : — Chcetetes sp., Avicula Hendersoni, Aviculopecten sp., Anthra- 
coptera obesa, Myalina sublamellosa, Nuculana Sharmani, Pandora ? 
typica, Littorina ? scotoburdigalensis, Conularia sp., and Orthoceras sp. 
From bis investigation of these species he indicated the occurrence 
of at least three or four marine beds in the Calciferous Sandstone 
series in addition to that mentioned by Mr. Salter, namely, at Craig- 
lockhart, at Woodhall, Water of Leith, at Drumsheugh, which may 
