55 
The Nonnandina itself is, by some observers, regarded 
merely as the young thallus of a Pannaria, e. g. P. plumbea 
or rubiginosa (Tul. and Ivcirb.), or Parmelia, e. g. P. perlata 
(Schrer). 
Acharius referred this Lichen to the genus Thelephora 
(Fungi). 
3. Lecanora cerina, Ach. — Parasitic occasionally on dead 
Lichens, as well as on mosses, wood, &c., in Spitzbergen 
( fide Th. Fries, L. Spitsb., 25). 
4. L. vitellina, Ach. — Also parasitic on dead Lichens, as 
well as on mosses, stones, ground, fabricated wood, and other 
materials, ( e.g . weathered vertebrae of reindeer), in Spitzber- 
gen (fide Th. Fries, L. Spitsb., 19). 
5. L. subfusca, Ach., and Urceolaria scruposa, Ach., are 
sometimes athalline, their apothccia being grafted, as it were, 
on the thallus of other species. But Nylander draws a ques- 
tionable or unnecessary distinction between sucli cases as 
these, which are accidentally and exceptionally parasitic 
(Syn., 58), and Micro-lichens, which are regularly and 
normally so. 
The athalline form of U. scruposa is (pr. p. at least) = 
Stictis lichenicola, Mont, (fide Myl., Prod., 96), which, ac- 
cording to Berkeley (Brit. Fungology, p. 375), is a Fungus 
parasitic on the thallus of various foliaceous Cladonice. 
Genus I. — Lecidea, Ach. 
Under this head systematists have classed a very hetero- 
geneous group of Lichens, differing both in the colour of the 
apothecia and in the form, colour, and size of the spores. 
Several have the characters of the true Lecidece as they are 
defined by modern systematists, e. g. Th. Fries or Mudd ; that 
is, they have simple, colourless spores and black apothecia. 
In others the spores are 2- or more-locular; varying much 
in length and breadth ; coloured or colourless. Several be- 
long to the sub-genus Buellia, one to Raphiospora, and one to 
Biatora. No rigid classification is necessary, nor is it scien- 
tific, for e.g. the spores of L. vernalis, which are usually 
simple, are sometimes, in the athalline forms, 2-locular ; 
while apothecia that are usually brown sometimes assume a 
black hue, and spores that are generally colourless acquire 
a yellow, olive, or brown tint with age. Besides, it is no part 
of our present object to arrange according to any scheme of 
classification the very different, and too frequently ano- 
malous, Lichens which occur in the athalline state occasionally 
or always. Our knowledge of them is not yet sufficiently 
