19 
On certain Butterfly Scales characteristic of Sex. 
(Second paper.) By T. W. Wonfor, Brighton. 
With Plate V. 
In a former paper on the above subject I endeavoured to 
show that in three English genera of Lepidoptera, viz., 
Polyommatus, Pieris, and Hipparchia, there were on the 
males alone, and on the upper surface of the wings, certain 
peculiar forms of scales, to which the names “ battledore” and 
“plumule” have been given ; these scales, I argued, might, 
therefore, be taken as characteristic of sex. Having con- 
tinued my observations among other species of the same 
families of continental and tropical habitats, and obtained a 
confirmation of the view that wherever these “ plumules” and 
“ battledores” are found they are only on male insects, I 
have thought it right to lay the result of my inquiries before 
the microscopical world, especially as another family, the 
Argynnidse or Fritillaries, must be added to the list of those 
where the males possess a distinctive scale, and certain spe- 
cies of the Polyommati and a division of the Fritillaries are 
found to be wanting in what may be called the male charac- 
teristic. 
Commencing with the “ whites,” I have found, this spring, 
on the “ black-veined white,” Aporia Cratcegi (PI. Y, fig. 
1), a scale differing from those of all the other whites, as 
will be seen by reference to the former paper. This butter- 
fly lepidopterists have placed in a separate division of the 
Pieridae, to which the name Aporia has been well given, in 
allusion to the apparent freedom from scales, and the almost 
transparent nature of its wings ; this insect completes the 
British Pieridae in which I have been able to detect “ plu- 
mules.” 
Turning to tropical Pieridae, Pieris Larima (fig. 2), an 
African form of the large-white, presents a “ plumule,” as 
might be expected, somewhat resembling that of P. brassiere, 
but at the same time of a more delicate form, and terminated 
by a triangular fringe. This is a much more difficult object 
to resolve, as far as the scale markings are concerned. Pieris 
Pigea (fig. S ), a Chinese insect, exhibits a well-marked 
variety of scale. Pieris Epicharis (fig. 4), a very beautiful 
Asiatic insect, common in most collections and cases sent to 
this • country, presents not only a peculiarly shaped scale, 
but has also an enormously developed bulb. Perhaps the 
most peculiar scale I have met with among the Pieridae is 
that belonging to P. Agathina (fig. 5), an insect from the 
