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a resting condition for the purpose of reproduction, and then 
surround themselves with a covering or shell. 
5. Some Monera (Protogenes, Protamoeba) remain, through- 
out their lives, single isolated cytodes, permanent individuals 
of the first order, in that the new individuals (Bionta), 
originating by the reyiroductive process, forthwith separate 
themselves from the older organism, or in that this latter 
simply divides itself into two parts. 
6. Other Monera (Myxodictyum and all Lepomonera) form 
temporarily individuals of the second order, or organs (in 
a purely morphological sense), in that, during the time of 
reproduction the newly formed individuals (zoospores, Tetra- 
plasta, and other forms of germs) remain for some time united 
in one Cytode colony (organ). 
In these six statements are comprised the complete mor- 
phological characteristics of the Monera. To these must be 
added the physiological criterion of an exclusively non-sexual 
reproduction. If we now compare, with constant reference 
to these characteristic peculiarities, the Monera with other 
organisms, and especially with the nearest allied Protista, 
we shall, on the one hand, recognise more easily the special 
character of the group Monera, and, on the other, its multi- 
form relationships to the remaining groups. I shall, then, 
separately compare with them the series to which the Monera 
are the nearest allies among the previously enumerated 
Protista groups. 
I. Monera and Rhizopoda. 
The true Rhizopoda stand nearest of all organisms to the 
Monera, with, perhaps, the exception of Protamoeba. I thus 
limit the natural groups of the true Rhizopoda, as I have 
done in my ‘ General Morphology 5 (after the removal of the 
Protoplasta or Amceboida), to the three classes of the Acyt- 
taria (Monothalamia and Polythalamia, or Imperforata and 
Perforata), the Pleliozoa (at present formed only of the re- 
markable Actinospluerium Eichhornii, Stein, Actinophrys 
Eichhornii, Ehrenberg), and the Radiolaria (Monocyttaria 
and Polycyttaria). The majority of these true Rhizopoda 
are distinguished from the Monera by the possession of a 
skeleton or a shell when in their freely moving and perfectly 
developed condition. The few remaining Rhizopoda which do 
not possess this skeleton or shell (ActinosphEerium, Tlialas- 
sicolla, Physematium, Collozoum) are separated from the 
Monera by the differentiation of nuclei in the interior of their 
plasma-body. A very peculiar position must be assigned to 
the very common Actinophrys sol (Ehrenb.), which is usually 
