48 
SEED DISPERSAL. 
erect on a stiff stem, with a number of small openings 
near the top. The seeds are nearly 
spherical, and escape, a few at a time, 
when the stem is shaken by the wind 
or some animal, thus holding a reserve 
for a change of conditions. Here is 
an illustration of ripe pods of a bell- 
flower, Campanula turbinata, nodding 
instead of erect. 
The small holes are still 
uppermost, but to be upper- 
most in this case it is neces- 
sary for them to be at the 
base of the pod. 
29. Seeds kept dry by an 
umbrella growing over them. 
— When mature, the apple 
of Peru, Nicandra , keeps 
every dry bursting fruit 
covered with a hood, um-, 
„ or . _ llfl . t brella, or shed, so that 
Fig. 35. — Ripe pods of bellflower bent over ; the 7 7 
holes opening when dry to allow seeds to be seeds maj be kept COI1- 
shaken out. . 
tmually dry and may be 
spread with every shake by the wind, or by an animal, 
in rainy weather as well as in dry. 
In the words of Dr. Gray, “ The fruit is a globular 
dry berry, enclosed by a five-parted, bladdery inflated 
calyx.” The margins of the lobes of the calyx curl 
