PLANTS SPREAD BY MEANS OF ROOTS. 
9 
squirrels or birds, as mentioned elsewhere, 
you one thing that I discovered 
the white oaks were doing in 
the sand of the Jack-pine 
plains of Michigan. In dry 
weather the dead grass, sticks, 
and logs are often burned, 
which kills much or all that 
is growing above ground. In 
this way little maples, ashes, 
witch-hazels, willows, huckle- 
berries, blackberries, sweet 
Let me tell 
Fig. 3. — Grub, or remains of a white oak, doubt- 
less at one time much like Fig. 2, but now 
decayed in the middle, including its main 
root ; sprouting on the margins, farther and 
farther out after the tops were killed, to the 
ground. 
Fig. 2. — Small tree, “ grub,” of 
white oak many times killed 
back ; finally dead at the 
middle and sprouting on the 
margins. 
ferns, service berries, 
aspens, oaks, and others 
are often killed hack, 
but afterward sprout 
up again and again, 
and, after repeated 
burnings, form each a 
large rough mass popu- 
larly known as a grub. 
The grubs of the oak 
are well known ; the 
