Chap. XVI. THE YOUNG LIKE THE ADULT MALES. 203 
it is more developed and complex in the male than in 
the female ; but in the Bliynchsea Australis it is simple 
in the male, whilst in the female it makes four distinct 
convolutions before entering the lungs.^^ The female 
therefore of this species has acquired an eminently 
masculine character. Mr. Blyth ascertained, by exa- 
mining many specimens, that the trachea is not con- 
voluted in either sex of B, Bengalensis, which species 
so closely resembles B, Australis that it can hardly be 
distinguished except by its shorter toes. This fact is 
another striking instance of the law that secondary 
sexual characters are often widely different in closely- 
allied forms ; though it is a very rare circumstance 
when such differences relate to the female sex. The 
young of both sexes of B, Bengalensis in their first 
plumage are said to resemble the mature male.^^ 
There is also reason to believe that the male undertakes 
the duty of incubation, for Mr. Swinhoe^^ found the 
females before the close of the summer associated in 
fiocks, as occurs with the females of the Turnix. 
The females of Phalaropus fulicarius and P. hyjoerlo- 
reus are larger, and in their summer plumage ^^more gaily 
attired than the males.” But the difference in colour 
between the sexes is far from conspicuous. The male 
alone of P. fulicarius undertakes, according to Professor 
Steenstrup, the duty of incubation, as is likewise shewn 
by the state of his breast-feathers during the breeding- 
season. The female of the dotterel plover (Eudromias 
morinellus) is larger than the male, and has the red 
and black tints on the lower surface, the white crescent 
on the breast, and the stripes over the eyes, more 
strongly pronounced. The male also takes at least a 
Gould’s ‘ Handbook of tbe Birds of Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 275. 
‘ The Indian Field,’ Sept. 1858, p. 3. ‘ Ibis,’ 1866, p. 298. 
