Chap. XIX. 
SEXUAL DIFFERENCES. 
321 
between the sexes is more than thrice as great as with 
the Australians. The numerous measurements of various 
other races, with respect to stature, the circumference 
of the neck and chest, and the length of the back-bone 
and arms, which were carefully made, nearly all shewed 
that the males differed much more from each other than 
did the females. This fact indicates that, as far as these 
characters are concerned, it is the male which has been 
chiefly modified, since the races diverged from their 
common and primeval source. 
The development of the beard and the hairiness of 
tlie body differ remarkably in the men belonging to 
distinct races, and even to different families in the same 
race. We Europeans see this amongst ourselves. In 
the island of St. Kilda, according to Martin,^^ the men 
do not acquire beards, which are very thin, until the 
age of thirty or upwards. On the Europaeo-Asiatic 
continent, beards prevail until we pass beyond India, 
though with the natives of Ceylon they are frequently 
absent, as was noticed in ancient times by Eiodorus.^^ 
Beyond India beards disappear, as with the Siamese, 
Malays, Kalmucks, Chinese, and Japanese; neverthe- 
less the Ainos,^^ who inhabit the northernmost islands 
of the J apan archipelago, are the most hairy men in the 
world. With negroes the beard is scanty or absent, and 
they have no whiskers ; in both sexes the body is almost 
destitute of fine down.^^ On the other hand, the Pa- 
'2 ‘ Voyage to St. Kilda’ (3rd edit. 1753) p. 37. 
Sir J. E. Terment, ‘ Ceylon/ vol. ii. 1859, p. 107. 
Quatrefages, ‘ Revue des Oours Scientifiques/ Aug. 29, 1868, p. 630 ; 
Vogt, ‘ Lectures on Man,’ Eng. translat. p. 127- 
On the beards of negroes, Vogt, ‘ Lectures/ &c. ibid. p. 127 ; Waitz, 
‘Introduct. to Anthropology/ Engl, translat. 1863, vol. i. p. 96. It is 
remarkable that in the United States (investigations in Military and 
Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers,’ 1869, p. 569) the 
VOL. II. Y 
